Table Of ContentG a r d n e r ’ s
ArT AGES
through
the
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G a r d n e r ’ s Fred S. kleiner
ArT AGES
I
I
through
e
m
the
u
l
o
V
The WesTern PersPecTive Fourteenth edition
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Gardner’s Art through the Ages: © 2014, 2010, 2008 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
The Western Perspective, Fourteenth Edition, Volume II
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Fred S. Kleiner
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ISBN-13: 978-1-133-95480-4
Text and Cover Designer: tani hasegawa ISBN-10: 1-133-95480-4
Cover Image: Sandro Botticelli, Primavera, ca. 1482. Tempera
on wood, 6′ 8″ × 10′ 4″. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy.
Credit: © Scala/Art Resource, NY
Wadsworth
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Sandro Botticelli, Primavera, ca. 1482. Tempera on wood, 6′ 8″ × 10′ 4″. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence,
Italy.
t The Medici of Florence have become synonymous with the extraordinary cultural phenomenon called
r the Italian Renaissance. The work of one of their favorite painters, Sandro Botticelli (1444–1510),
is a testament to the intense interest that the Medici had in the art, literature, and mythology of the
A
Greco-Roman world.
r Botticelli painted Primavera (Spring) for Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de’ Medici (1463–1503). Venus,
e the goddess of love, stands just to the right of center with her son Cupid hovering above her head. To
v the left are the dancing Three Graces. Although based closely on ancient prototypes, they are clothed
instead of nude, albeit in thin, transparent garments. At the right, the blue ice-cold Zephyrus, the west
o
wind, is about to carry off and marry the nymph Chloris, whom he transforms into Flora, goddess of
c
spring, appropriately shown wearing a rich floral gown. At the far left, Mercury reaches up, perhaps to
e dispel storm clouds. The sensuality of the representation, the appearance of Venus in springtime, and
the abduction and marriage of Chloris all suggest the occasion for the painting was Lorenzo’s wedding
h
in May 1482. But the painting also sums up the Renaissance view that earthly love is compatible with
t
Christian theology: Venus as the source of love provokes desire through Cupid. Desire can lead either
to lust and violence (Zephyr) or, through reason and faith (Mercury), to the love of God.
t
That we know Botticelli’s name and details of his career is not surprising, because it was during the
u
Renaissance that the modern notion of individual artistic genius took root. But in many periods of the
o
history of art, artists toiled in anonymity to fulfill the wishes of their patrons, whether Egyptian pha-
b raohs, Roman emperors, or medieval monks. Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective surveys the
A art of all periods of Western art from prehistory to the present and examines how artworks of all kinds
have always reflected the historical contexts in which they were created.
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
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Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
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Br i ef coN t eN t s
Preface xv chapter 22
RoMAnTICISM, REALISM,
IntroductIon
PhoToGRAPhy: EuRoPE AnD
WhAT IS ART hISToRy? 1
AMERICA, 1800 T o 1870 642
chapter 14
chapter 23
LATE MEDIEVAL ITALy 400
IMPRESSIonISM, PoST-IMPRESSIonISM,
SyMBoLISM: EuRoPE AnD AMERICA,
chapter 15
1870 To 1900 686
LATE MEDIEVAL AnD EARLy
REnAISSAnCE noRThERn EuRoPE 422
chapter 24
MoDERnISM In EuRoPE AnD AMERICA,
chapter 16
1900 To 1945 722
ThE REnAISSAnCE In
QuATTRoCEnTo ITALy 446
chapter 25
MoDERnISM AnD PoSTMoDERnISM
chapter 17
In EuRoPE AnD AMERICA,
REnAISSAnCE AnD MAnnERISM In
1945 To 1980 786
CInQuECEnTo ITALy 486
chapter 26
chapter 18
ConTEMPoRARy ART WoRLDWIDE 828
hIGh REnAISSAnCE AnD MAnnERISM
In noRThERn EuRoPE AnD SPAIn 532
Notes 862
chapter 19
Glossary 865
ThE BARoQuE In ITALy AnD SPAIn 556
BiBlioGraPhy 875
chapter 20 credits 884
ThE BARoQuE In noRThERn
museum iNdex 889
EuRoPE 582
suBject iNdex 893
chapter 21
RoCoCo To nEo CLASSICISM:
ThE 18Th CEnTuRy In EuRoPE
AnD AMERICA 614
vii
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Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
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