Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Concise Global History

594 Pages·2009·88.18 MB·English

by  Fred S. Kleiner

G A R D N E R ’ S
A R T
T H R O U G H
T H E A G E S
A CONCISE GLOBAL HISTORY
SECOND EDITION
F S. K
RED LEINER
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
CONTENTS i
About the Author
FRED S. KLEINER (Ph.D., Columbia University) is the author of Gardner's Art
through the Ages: A Global History, 13th edition, and co-author of the 10th,
11th, and 12th editions of Art through the Ages as well as more than a hundred
publications on Greek and Roman art and architecture, including A History of
Roman Art, also published by Wadsworth. He has taught the art history survey
course for more than three decades, fi rst at the University of Virginia and, since
1978, at Boston University, where he is currently Professor of Art History and
Archaeology and Chair of the Art History Department. Long recognized for
his inspiring lectures and devotion to students, Professor Kleiner won Boston
University’s Metcalf Award for Excellence in Teaching as well as the College
Prize for Undergraduate Advising in the Humanities in 2002. He was Editor-
in-Chief of the American Journal of Archaeology from 1985 to 1998.
Also by Fred Kleiner: A History of Roman Art (Wadsworth 2007; ISBN 0534638465), winner of
the 2007 Texty Prize as the best new college textbook in the humanities and social sciences. In this
authoritative and lavishly illustrated volume, Professor Kleiner traces the development of Roman
art and architecture from Romulus’ foundation of Rome in the eighth century BCE to the death of
Constantine in the fourth century CE, with special chapters devoted to Pompeii and Herculaneum,
Ostia, funerary and provincial art and architecture, and the earliest Christian art.
ii CONTENTS
About the Cover Art
In a famous 1860 essay entitled “The Painter of Modern Life,” the French poet and critic Charles
Baudelaire (1821–1867) argued that “modernity is the transitory, the fugitive, the contingent.” That
defi nition well describes the paintings of Edgar Degas (1834–1917) and the Impressionists, which
stand in forceful opposition to that era’s government-sponsored academic art featuring traditional
religious, historical, and mythological subjects and highly polished technique. In marked contrast,
the Impressionists recorded the contemporary scene. In The Rehearsal (1874), Degas abandoned
academic subject matter, brushwork, and compositional formulas to capture “the transitory, fugi-
tive, and contingent” on canvas. The frame cuts off the spiral stairs, the windows in the background,
and the group of fi gures in the right foreground. The dancers are not at the center of a classically
balanced composition. Instead, a large, off-center, empty space takes up most of the foreground.
The fi gures themselves, blurred as they stretch and pivot, do not even glance at the viewer. Degas’s
highly personal approach to painting characterizes modern art in general, but it is not typical of
many periods of the history of art when artists toiled in anonymity to fulfi ll the wishes of their
patrons, whether Egyptian pharaohs, Roman emperors, medieval monks, or Renaissance princes.
Art through the Ages surveys the art of all periods from prehistory to the present and examines how
artworks of all kinds have always refl ected the historical contexts in which they were created.
EDGAR DEGAS, The Rehearsal, 1874. Oil on canvas, 1(cid:1) 11(cid:2) × 2(cid:1) 9(cid:2). Glasgow
Art Galleries and Museum, Glasgow (The Burrell Collection).
CONTENTS iii
Gardner’s Art through the Ages: A Concise Global History, Second Edition
Fred S. Kleiner
Publisher: Clark Baxter © 2009, 2006 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
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Cover Image: Edgar Degas, The Rehearsal, 1874. Oil on
canvas, 1(cid:1) 11(cid:2) × 2(cid:1) 9(cid:2). The Burrell Collection. Culture and Boston, MA 02210
USA
Sport Glasgow (Museums). Photo Credit: Edgar Degas,
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08
Brief Contents
INTRODUCTION What Is Art History? 3
1 Prehistory and the First Civilizations 17
2 Greece 47
3 The Roman Empire 87
4 Early Christianity and Byzantium 121
5 The Islamic World 147
6 Early Medieval and Romanesque Europe 159
7 Gothic Europe 187
8 Europe, 1400 to 1500 217
9 Europe, 1500 to 1600 253
10 Europe, 1600 to 1700 291
11 Europe and America, 1700 to 1800 321
12 Europe and America, 1800 to 1870 337
13 Europe and America, 1870 to 1900 363
14 Europe and America, 1900 to 1945 383
15 Europe and America after 1945 417
16 South and Southeast Asia 451
17 China and Korea 471
18 Japan 493
19 The Americas 511
20 Africa 533
Notes 550 | Glossary 553 | Bibliography 567 | Credits 576 | Index 580
v
Contents
Preface x CHAPTER 3
The Roman Empire 87
INTRODUCTION Etruscan Art 87
What Is Art History? 3 Roman Art 92
❚ Art and Society: An Outline of Roman History 93
Art History in the 21st Century 4
❚ Architectural Basics: Roman Concrete
Different Ways of Seeing 14
Construction 96
❚ Architectural Basics: The Roman House 97
CHAPTER 1
THE BIG PICTURE 119
Prehistory and the First
Civilizations 17
CHAPTER 4
Prehistoric Art 17
Early Christianity
Ancient Near Eastern Art 24
and Byzantium 121
Egyptian Art 33
Early Christian Art 121
❚ Art and Society: Art in the Old Stone Age 20
Byzantine Art 130
❚ Art and Society: Mummifi cation and the Afterlife 36
❚ Religion and Mythology: The Life of Jesus in Art 124
❚ Architectural Basics: Building the Great
❚ Materials and Techniques: Mosaics 129
Pyramids 37
❚ Architectural Basics: Pendentives 134
THE BIG PICTURE 45
❚ Art and Society: Icons and Iconoclasm 139
CHAPTER 2 THE BIG PICTURE 145
Greece 47
CHAPTER 5
Prehistoric Aegean Art 48
The Islamic World 147
Greek Art 55
❚ Religion and Mythology: The Gods and Goddesses Architecture 147
of Mount Olympus 49 Luxury Arts 154
❚ Architectural Basics: Doric and Ionic Temples 59 ❚ Religion and Mythology: Muhammad and Islam 149
❚ Materials and Techniques: Hollow-Casting Life-Size ❚ Architectural Basics: The Mosque 150
Bronze Statues 66
THE BIG PICTURE 157
THE BIG PICTURE 85
vi
CHAPTER 6 France 282
Early Medieval and The Netherlands 282
Spain 286
Romanesque Europe 159
❚ Art and Society: Religious Art in
Early Medieval Art 159
Counter-Reformation Italy 255
Romanesque Art 169
❚ Artists on Art: Leonardo da Vinci on Painting 256
❚ Religion and Mythology: Medieval Monasteries and
❚ Materials and Techniques: Renaissance
Benedictine Rule 165
Drawings 259
❚ Art and Society: Pilgrimages and the Cult of
❚ Artists on Art: Palma il Giovane on Titian 272
Relics 170
❚ Architectural Basics: The Romanesque Church THE BIG PICTURE 289
Portal 173
CHAPTER 10
THE BIG PICTURE 185
Europe, 1600 to 1700 291
CHAPTER 7 Italy 292
Gothic Europe 187 Spain 301
Flanders 304
France 187
Dutch Republic 306
England 201
France 313
Holy Roman Empire 202
England 318
Italy 204
❚ Artists on Art: Giovanni Pietro Bellori on
❚ Architectural Basics: The Gothic Rib Vault 189
Caravaggio 298
❚ Architectural Basics: The Gothic Cathedral 193
❚ Artists on Art: The Letters of Artemisia
❚ Architectural Basics: Stained-Glass Windows 195
Gentileschi 300
❚ Materials and Techniques: Fresco Painting 208
❚ Artists on Art: Poussin’s Notes for a Treatise
THE BIG PICTURE 215 on Painting 314
THE BIG PICTURE 319
CHAPTER 8
Europe, 1400 to 1500 217 CHAPTER 11
Burgundy and Flanders 217 Europe and America,
France 224 1700 to 1800 321
Holy Roman Empire 226
Rococo 321
Italy 228
The Enlightenment 324
❚ Materials and Techniques: Tempera and Oil
Neoclassicism 330
Painting 219
❚ Art and Society: The Grand Tour and Veduta
❚ Materials and Techniques: Woodcuts, Engravings,
Painting 330
and Etchings 228
❚ Artists on Art: David on Greek Style and
❚ Materials and Techniques: Renaissance Perspectival
Public Art 332
Systems 232
THE BIG PICTURE 335
THE BIG PICTURE 251
CHAPTER 12
CHAPTER 9
Europe and America,
Europe, 1500 to 1600 253
1800 to 1870 337
Italy 254
Art under Napoleon 337
Holy Roman Empire 277
Romanticism 339
CONTENTS vii
Realism 348 CHAPTER 15
Architecture 356 Europe and America after 1945 417
Photography 358
Painting and Sculpture, 1945 to 1970 418
❚ Art and Society: The Romantic Spirit in Music and
Painting and Sculpture since 1970 429
Literature 341
Architecture and Site-Specifi c Art 438
❚ Artists on Art: Delacroix on Neoclassicism 344
Performance Art, Conceptual Art, and New
❚ Artists on Art: Courbet on Realism 349
Media 445
❚ Materials and Techniques: Lithography 351
❚ Artists on Art: Jackson Pollock on Action
❚ Materials and Techniques: Daguerreotype, Calotype,
Painting 420
and Wet-Plate Photography 359
❚ Artists on Art: Helen Frankenthaler on Color-Field
THE BIG PICTURE 361 Painting 423
❚ Artists on Art: Judy Chicago on The Dinner
CHAPTER 13 Party 431
❚ Art and Society: Public Funding of Controversial
Europe and America,
Art 435
1870 to 1900 363
❚ Art and Society: Maya Lin’s Vietnam Veterans
Impressionism 364 Memorial 440
Post-Impressionism 368
THE BIG PICTURE 449
Symbolist and Fin-de-Siècle Painting 376
Sculpture 378
CHAPTER 16
Architecture 379
South and Southeast Asia 451
❚ Art and Society: Academic Salons and Independent
Art Exhibitions 365 India and Pakistan 451
❚ Materials and Techniques: 19th-Century Color Southeast Asia 466
Theory 370 ❚ Religion and Mythology: Buddhism and Buddhist
❚ Artists on Art: The Letters of Vincent van Gogh 371 Iconography 454
❚ Architectural Basics: The Stupa 455
THE BIG PICTURE 381
❚ Religion and Mythology: Hinduism and Hindu
Iconography 459
CHAPTER 14
❚ Architectural Basics: Hindu Temples 461
Europe and America,
THE BIG PICTURE 469
1900 to 1945 383
Europe, 1900 to 1920 384
CHAPTER 17
Dada 392
China and Korea 471
America, 1900 to 1930 396
China 471
Europe, 1920 to 1945 399
Korea 488
America, 1930 to 1945 406
❚ Religion and Mythology: Daoism and
Architecture 411
Confucianism 473
❚ Artists on Art: Matisse on Color 385
❚ Materials and Techniques: Chinese Painting
❚ Art and Society: Primitivism and Colonialism 389
Materials and Formats 476
❚ Artists on Art: Futurist Manifestos 393
❚ Materials and Techniques: Calligraphy and
❚ Art and Society: Art “Matronage” in America 396 Inscriptions on Chinese Paintings 481
❚ Artists on Art: Rivera on Art for the People 410 ❚ Architectural Basics: Chinese Wooden
Construction 482
THE BIG PICTURE 415
THE BIG PICTURE 491
viii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 18 CHAPTER 20
Japan 493 Africa 533
Japan before Buddhism 493 Prehistory and Early Cultures 533
Buddhist Japan 495 11th to 18th Centuries 536
Japan under the Shoguns 499 19th Century 540
Modern Japan 507 20th Century 543
❚ Religion and Mythology: Zen Buddhism 502 Contemporary Arts 547
❚ Materials and Techniques: Japanese Woodblock ❚ Art and Society: Art and Leadership in Africa 536
Prints 506 ❚ Art and Society: African Masquerades 546
THE BIG PICTURE 509 THE BIG PICTURE 549
CHAPTER 19 Notes 550
The Americas 511 Glossary 553
Bibliography 567
Mesoamerica 511
Credits 576
South America 522
Index 580
North America 526
❚ Art and Society: The Mesoamerican Ball Game 515
❚ Religion and Mythology: Aztec Religion 521
THE BIG PICTURE 531
CONTENTS ix