Garden insects of North America

705 Pages·2018·183.267 MB·English

by  Whitney Cranshaw, David J. Shetlar

Second Edition
GARDEN INSECTS
OF NORTH AMERICA
THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO BACKYARD BUGS

Second Edition
GARDEN INSECTS
OF NORTH AMERICA
THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO BACKYARD BUGS
Whitney Cranshaw
and David Shetlar
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS
PRINCETON AND OXFORD
To entomology educators and the Cooperative Extension system
that so well foster the spirit of shared learning.
Copyright © 2018 by Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock,
Oxfordshire OX20 1TR
nathist.princeton.edu
Photographs previous page: left ailanthus moth (Jim Kalisch, University of Nebraska);
above, center lizard beetle (Jim Kalisch, University of Nebraska); right bumble bee and
a solitary bee (Whitney Cranshaw); below, center “shell” of a cicada nymph discarded at
molting (David Shetlar).
All Rights Reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Cranshaw, Whitney, author. | Shetlar, David J., author.
Title: Garden insects of North America : the ultimate guide to backyard bugs / Whitney
Cranshaw and David Shetlar.
Description: Second edition. | Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 2017. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017013286 | ISBN 9780691167442 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Garden pests—North America—Identification.
Classification: LCC SB605.N7 C73 2017 | DDC 635/.0496--dc23 LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2017013286
British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available
This book has been composed in Minion Pro (text) and Guess Sans (headings)
Printed on acid-free paper. ∞
Typeset and designed by D & N Publishing, Wiltshire, UK
Printed in China
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
Preface 13
Acknowledgments 15
CHAPTER one  Introduction to Garden Insects and Their Relatives  16
Arthropod Growth and Metamorphosis 18 Body Parts Useful in Diagnosing Garden
Insect Orders 20 Arthropods 30
Identification of Immature Stages of Common Types of Plant Injuries Caused
Arthropods 21 by Insects 31
Excreted and Secreted Products Useful in Plant Pathogens Transmitted by Insects
Diagnosing Garden Arthropods and Mites 39
and Slugs 28
CHAPTER Two  Insects That Chew on Leaves and Needles  40
Grasshoppers 42 Giant Silkworms/Royal Moths 78
Field Crickets 46 Cecropia Moth 78
Other Crickets and Katydids 46 Other Giant Silkworms/Royal Moths 78
Common (Northern) Walkingstick 50 Slug Caterpillars/Flannel Moths and Other
Related Species 50 Stinging Caterpillars 84
European Earwig 52 Tussock Moths 86
Other Earwigs 52 Whitemarked Tussock Moth 86
Related and Similar Species 86
Cockroaches 54
Gypsy Moth 90
Imported Cabbageworm 56
Other Sulfur and White Butterflies 56 Woollybears 92
Swallowtails 58 Climbing Cutworms and Armyworms 94
Parsleyworm/Black Swallowtail 58 Variegated Cutworm 94
Other Swallowtails 60 Fall Armyworm 94
Beet Armyworm 96
Brushfooted Butterflies 62
Other Climbing Cutworms and Armyworms 96
Painted Lady/Thistle Caterpillar 62
Other Brushfooted Butterflies 62 Loopers 102
Cabbage Looper 102
Hornworms and Sphinx Moths 68
Other Common Garden Loopers 102
Tomato Hornworm and Tobacco
Hornworm 68 Cankerworms, Inchworms, and
Other Common Hornworms 70 Spanworms 104
Fall Cankerworm 104
Prominent Moths/Notodontids 74
Other Cankerworms, Inchworms, and
Walnut Caterpillar 74
Spanworms 106
Other Notodontids/Prominent Moths on
Shade Trees 74 Diamondback Moth 110
Skeletonizers 110
CONTENTS
Bagworms and Casebearers 114 Tortoise Beetles 180
Bagworm 114 Golden Tortoise Beetle 180
Other Bagworms 116 Other Common Tortoise Beetles 181
Casebearers 118 Case-bearing Leaf Beetles 182
Caterpillars that Produce Cases of Leaf
Leaf Beetles that Skeletonize Leaves 184
Fragments 120
Leaf Beetles of Aquatic Plants 188
Caterpillars that Produce Small Silken
Flea Beetles 190
Shelters 122
Flea Beetles with Larvae that Develop on
Sod Webworms 122
Foliage 190
“Garden Webworms” 126
Crucifer Flea Beetle 192
Fruittree Leafroller 128
Other Flea Beetles with Larvae that Feed on
Other Leafrollers, Leaffolders, and Leaftiers 128
Roots 192
Skippers 138
Leaf-feeding Weevils 196
Caterpillars that Produce Large Silken
Japanese Beetle 202
Shelters and Tents 142
Other Leaf-feeding Scarabs 202
Mimosa Webworm 142
Mexican Bean Beetle 204
Other Webworms 142
Other Leaf-feeding Lady Beetles 204
Fall Webworm 146
Eastern Tent Caterpillar 148 Blister Beetles 206
Other Tent Caterpillars 148 Slugs and Snails 208
Other Tent-making Caterpillars 150 Gray Garden Slug 208
Webspinning Sawflies 152 Other Garden Slugs 208
Brown Garden Snail 212
Sawflies 154
Other Garden Snails 212
European Pine Sawfly 154
Other Conifer Sawflies 154 Leafminers and Needleminers 214
Imported Currantworm/Currant Sawfly 158 Vegetable Leafminer 214
Other Common Sawflies 158 Related Species 214
Other Sawflies that Chew on Leaves 164 Other Serpentine-type Leafmining Flies
and Caterpillars 216
Pearslug (Pear Sawfly, Cherry Slug) 166
Other Slug Sawflies 166 European Elm Flea Weevil 216
Other Leafmining Weevils 218
Texas Leafcutting Ant 168
Locust Leafminer 218
Leafcutter Bees 168
Other Blotch Leafmining Beetles 220
Leaf Beetles 170
Holly Leafminers 220
Colorado Potato Beetle 170
Spinach Leafminer 222
Asparagus Beetle 172
Other Leafmining Flies 222
Related Species 172
Striped Cucumber Beetle 174 Birch Leafminer 226
Related Species 174 Other Leafmining Sawflies 226
Other Leaf Beetle Defoliators 176 Lilac Leafminer 228
Other Lepidopteran Leafminers 228
6
CONTENTS
Tentiform Leafminers 230 Other Gall-making Wasps that Develop on
Needleminers 232 Leaves 236
Gall-making Flies that Develop on Leaves 236
Gall Wasps that Develop on Leaves 234
CHAPTER Three   Insects and Mites That Suck Fluids from Leaves  
and Needles  240
Whiteflies 242 Miscellaneous Leafhoppers that Feed on
Greenhouse Whitefly 242 Phloem 288
Other Whiteflies 242 Leaffooted Bugs Associated with Foliage 292
Aphids 248 Squash Bug 292
Green Peach Aphid 250 Related Species 292
Cotton/Melon Aphid 254 Plant Bugs 294
Cabbage Aphid 254 Fourlined Plant Bug 294
“Woolly Aphids” 258 Garden Fleahopper 294
Mealybugs Associated Primarily with Other Leaf-feeding Plant Bugs 296
Foliage 260 Hairy Chinch Bug 298
Citrus Mealybug 260 Related and Similar Species 298
Longtailed Mealybug 260 Stink Bugs that Feed Primarily on Leaves 300
Other Mealybugs Observed on Foliage 262
Lace Bugs 302
Cochineal Scales 264
Thrips 304
Soft Scales Associated Primarily with Onion Thrips 304
Foliage 266 Other Thrips Associated with Foliage 304
Brown Soft Scale 266
Spider Mites 310
Other Soft Scales Observed on Foliage 266
Twospotted Spider Mite 310
Armored Scales Observed Primarily on Related Species 312
Foliage 270 European Red Mite 312
Pine Needle Scale 270 Spruce Spider Mite 312
Other Armored Scales Observed on Related Species 314
Foliage 270 Clover Mite 316
Psyllids 276 Related Species 316
Potato/Tomato Psyllid 276 Other Turfgrass Mites 316
Pear Psylla 278 Tarsonemid Mites 318
Other Psyllids 278 Cyclamen Mite 318
Leafhoppers 282 Related Species 318
Potato Leafhopper 282 False Spider Mites 318
Related Species 284
Rust Mites 320
Rose Leafhopper 284
Gall-making Aphids 322
Other Mesophyll-feeding Leafhoppers 286
Grape Phylloxera 324
Aster (or Sixspotted) Leafhopper 288
7
CONTENTS
Other Phylloxeran Leaf Gall Producers 324 Other Psyllids that Distort or Produce Galls
Hackberry Nipplegall Maker 326 on Foliage 328
Other Gall-making Psyllids on Hackberry 326 Eriophyid Mites that Produce Leaf or Bud
Galls 328
CHAPTER Four   Insects Associated with Stems, Twigs, Shoots,  
and Canes  334
European Pine Shoot Moth 334 Woolly Apple Aphid 368
Other Moths that Develop in Shoots and Other Woolly Aphids on Twigs, Branches,
Terminal Growth of Conifers 334 and Trunks 368
White Pine Weevil 338 Adelgids that Develop on Twigs and
Other Beetles that Develop in Shoots and Terminals of Conifers 370
Terminal Growth of Conifers 338 Hemlock Woolly Adelgid 370
Flies that Develop in Shoots and Twigs of Other Adelgids Associated with Twigs and
Conifers 342 Terminals of Conifers 370
Moths that Develop in Shoots, Twigs, and Mealybugs Associated Primarily with
Canes of Deciduous Trees and Shrubs 342 Stems and Twigs 372
Rose Shoot Sawfly and Raspberry Horntail 346 Eriococcid Scales Commonly Observed on
Other Sawfly Shoot and Stem Borers 346 Twigs 374
European Elm Scale 374
Rednecked Cane Borer 348
Other Eriococcid Scales 376
Related Species 348
Soft Scales Observed Primarily on Twigs 378
Other Beetles Associated with Twigs and
European Fruit Lecanium 378
Small Branches 350
Other Lecanium-type Soft Scales 378
Flies that Develop in Shoots, Twigs, and
Striped Pine Scale 380
Canes of Deciduous Trees and Shrubs 356
Related and Similar Species 382
Squash Vine Borer 356 Cottony Maple Scale 382
European Corn Borer 358 Other Soft Scales Associated Primarily with
Other Stem-boring Moths of Herbaceous Twigs 384
Plants 358 Margarodid Scales Associated Primarily
Sawflies that Develop in Stems of with Twigs 386
Herbaceous Plants 360 Cottony Cushion Scale 386
Beetles that Develop in Stems of Other Margarodid Scales 386
Herbaceous Plants 362 Armored Scales that Develop Primarily on
Small Branches and Twigs 388
Flies that Develop in Stems of Herbaceous
Plants 364 Oystershell Scale 388
Other Armored Scales Associated with
Pith-nesting Bees and Wasps 364
Twigs and Branches 390
Aphids that Develop on Stems, Twigs,
Kermes, Pit, and Falsepit Scales 394
Shoots, and Canes 366
8
CONTENTS
Spittlebugs 396 Gall Wasps Associated with Twigs and
Planthoppers 400 Small Branches 410
Oak Rough Bulletgall Wasp 412
Treehoppers 402
Related Species 412
Buffalo Treehopper 402
Horned Oak Gall Wasp 414
Other Treehoppers 402
Related Species 414
Cicadas 406
Rose Gall Wasps 416
Periodical Cicadas 406
Other Gall Wasps 416
Other Cicadas 408
Flies and Caterpillars that Produce Galls in
Twig Wounding Produced by Egg Laying
Stems and Twigs 418
and Oviposition Injuries 410
Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid 422
Other Gall-making Adelgids 422
CHAPTER Five Insects Associated with Large Branches
and the Trunk of Trees and Shrubs 424
Clearwing Borers 424 Related Species 442
Ash/Lilac Borer 424 Other Longhorned Beetles Commonly
Other Clearwing Borers Associated with Found in Trees and Shrubs 444
Trunks and Branches 426 Poplar and Willow Borer 448
Carpenterworm 428 Other Trunk-boring Weevils 448
Other Carpenterworms 428 Horntails 450
Zimmerman Pine Moth 430 Pigeon Tremex 450
Other Pyralid Borers 430 Other Horntails 450
Metallic Wood Borers/Flatheaded Borers 432 Bark Beetles 452
Bronze Birch Borer 432 Shothole Borer 452
Emerald Ash Borer 434 Related Species 452
Related Species 436 Smaller European Elm Bark Beetle 454
Flatheaded Appletree Borer 438 Other Elm Bark Beetles 454
Related Species 438 Ash Bark Beetles 456
Longhorned Beetles/Roundheaded Borers 440 Southern Pine Beetle and Relatives 456
Locust Borer 440 Ips Beetles 458
Related Species 440 Ambrosia Beetles 460
Poplar Borer 442
CHAPTER Six Insects and Other Invertebrates Associated
with Roots, Tubers, Soil, and the Soil Surface 464
White Grubs 464 Other White Grubs Associated with Turfgrass 466
Northern Masked Chafer 464 White Grubs Associated Primarily with
Related Species 466 Garden Plants 470
9