Galilee in the Late Second Temple and Mishnaic Periods: The Archaeological Record from Cities, Towns, and Villages: 2

879 Pages·2015·47.01 MB·English

by  David A. Fiensy

GALILEE IN THE LATE
SECOND TEMPLE AND
MISHNAIC PERIODS
Volume 2 The Archaeological Record from Cities, Towns, and Villages
David A. Fiensy and James Riley Strange, Editors
Fortress Press
Minneapolis
GALILEE IN THE LATE SECOND TEMPLE AND MISHNAIC PERIODS
Volume 2: The Archaeological Record from Cities, Towns, and Villages
David A. Fiensy and James Riley Strange, Editors Copyright © 2015 Fortress Press.
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in critical articles and reviews, no part
of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from
the publisher. Visit http://www.augsburgfortress.org/copyrights/contact.asp or write to
Permissions, Augsburg Fortress, Box 1209, Minneapolis, MN 55440.
Cover images, clockwise from upper left: Geometric mosaic at Tiberias, Sky View,
used with permission of the New Tiberias Excavation Project. Aerial view of Kedesh,
Sky View, used with permission of Tel Kedesh Excavations. Sarcophagus at Kedesh,
photo courtesy James Riley Strange. Mikveh at Huqoq, photo courtesy of Jim
Haberman. Theater at Sepphoris, photo courtesy Douglas Oakman.
Cover design: Laurie Ingram Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data is
available ISBN: 918-1-4514-6742-0
eISBN: 918-1-5064-0195-9
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American
National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed
Library Materials, ANSI Z329, 48-1984.
Manufactured in the U.S.A
This book was produced using Pressbooks.com.
IN MEMORIAM
Douglas Edwards
Contents
Archaeological Chronology
Events and Rulers in Galilee and Judea in the Late Second Temple through Mishnaic Periods
Maps and Galilee Photo Gallery
Preface to Volume 2
Introduction to Galilee: Volumes 1 and 2
David A. Fiensy and James Riley Strange
1. The Transformation from Galil Ha-Goyim to Jewish Galilee
The Archaeological Testimony of an Ethnic Change
Mordechai Aviam
2. Sepphoris
A. The Jewel of the Galilee
James F. Strange
B. Residential Area of the Western Summit
Eric M. Meyers, Carol L. Meyers, and Benjamin D. Gordon
C. From Galilean Town to Roman City, 100 BCE–200 CE
Zeev Weiss
D. The Sepphoris Aqueducts
James F. Strange
3. Kefar Shikhin
James Riley Strange
4. Yodefat—Jotapata
A Jewish Galilean Town at the End of the Second Temple Period: The Results of an
Archaeological Project
Mordechai Aviam
5. Khirbet Qana
C. Thomas McCollough
6. Karm er-Ras near Kafr Kanna
Yardenna Alexandre
7. Kafr Kanna (The Franciscan Church)
F. Massimo Luca, OFM
8. Nazareth
James F. Strange
9. Kefar Ḥananya
David Adan-Bayewitz
10. Tiberias, from Its Foundation to the End of the Early Islamic Period
Katia Cytryn-Silverman
11. Hamath Tiberias
Carl E. Savage
12. Capernaum, Village of Naḥum, from Hellenistic to Byzantine Times
Sharon Lea Mattila
13. Bethsaida
Rami Arav and Carl E. Savage
14. Magdala/Taricheae
Stefano De Luca and Anna Lena
15. Khirbet Wadi Ḥamam in the Early and Middle Roman Periods
Uzi Leibner
16. Ḥuqoq in the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman Periods
Matthew J. Grey and Chad S. Spigel
17. Meiron in Upper Galilee
Eric M. Meyers and Carol L. Meyers
18. Gush Ḥalav
James F. Strange
19. Nabratein: Synagogue and Environs
Eric M. Meyers and Carol L. Meyers
20. The Ancient Synagogue and Village at Khirbet Shema‘
Eric M. Meyers
21. Kedesh of the Upper Galilee
Andrea M. Berlin and Sharon C. Herbert
Glossary
Contributors
Abbreviations
Index of Ancient Sources
Index of Subjects
Archaeological Chronology
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERIOD[1] ABBREVIATION DATES
Iron I I1 1200–1000 BCE
Iron II I2 1000–586 BCE
Persian P 586–333 BCE
Hellenistic I H1 333–152 BCE
Hellenistic II H2 152–37 BCE
Early Roman ER 37 BCE–70 CE
Middle Roman MR 70–250 CE
Late Roman LR 250–363 CE
Early Byzantine Byz 1 363–451 CE
Late Byzantine Byz 2 451–640 CE
Early Islamic EI 640–950 CE
Late Islamic LI 950–1291 CE
1. This chronology is taken from James F. Strange, Thomas R.W. Longstaff, and Dennis E. Groh
with revisions by James Riley Strange, The Excavations at Shikhin: Manual for Area
Supervisors (unpublished manuscript). The archaeological periods are those seen at Sepphoris
and Shikhin. ↵
Events and Rulers in Galilee and Judea in the Late
Second Temple through Mishnaic Periods
Key Events
110 John Hyrcanus conquers parts of Galilee?
BCE?
104 Aristobulus I annexes Galilee
BCE
104 Ptolemy IX Lathyros attacks Sepphoris
BCE
63 General Pompey of Rome conquers Judea
BCE
55 Gabinius locates a regional Sanhedrin at Sepphoris
BCE
47–37 Herod the Great governs the Galilee
BCE
49/38 Herod makes Sepphoris his northern headquarters
BCE
4 BCE Death of Herod; Sepphoris revolts; Roman legions destroy it
4 BCE Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, rebuilds Sepphoris as his Galilean capital
20 CE Antipas builds Tiberias as his new capital
30–33 Jesus’ ministry
CE
66–70 First Jewish Revolt: Vespasian invades Galilee; destruction of Yodefat, Magdala, and Gamla;
CE destruction of Jerusalem and the temple; migration of Judeans to Galilee
70– Era of the Tannaim
225
CE
80– Sanhedrin moves to Usha
140
CE
132– Bar Kokhba Revolt; expulsion of Jews from Judea; migration to Galilee
135
CE
140 Sanhedrin moves to Shefar‘am
CE
163 Sanhedrin moves to Beit She‘arim, then to Sepphoris
CE
193 Sanhedrin moves to Tiberias
CE
200– Rabbi Judah the Prince completes the codification of the Mishnah at
220 Sepphoris
CE

Rulers of Judea from Hellenistic Times[1]
Hellenistic Dynasties Dates of Reign
Alexander III of Macedon 333–323 BCE
Ptolemy I Soter (“Savior”) 300–282 BCE
Ptolemy II Philadelphus (“Brother-loving”) 285–246 BCE
Ptolemy III Euergetes (“Benefactor”) 246–221 BCE
Ptolemy IV Philopator (“Father-loving”) 221–204 BCE
Ptolemy V Epiphanes (“[God] Manifest”) 204–180 BCE
Antiochus III (“The Great”) 223–187 BCE (takes control of
Palestine in 198)
Seleucus IV Philopator 218–175 BCE
Antiochus IV Epiphanes 175–164 BCE
Hasmonean Dynasty Dates of Control
Mattathias d. 166 BCE
Judas, son of Mattathias 165–160 BCE
Jonathan, son of Mattathias 160–142 BCE
Simon, son of Mattathias 142–135 BCE
John Hyrcanus I, son of Simon 135–104 BCE
Judah Aristobulus I, son of John Hyrcanus I 104–103 BCE
Alexander Jannaeus, son of John Hyrcanus I 103–76 BCE
Salome Alexandra, wife of Alexander Jannaeus 76–67 BCE
Aristobulus II, son of Alexander Jannaeus and Alexandra 67–63 BCE
John Hyrcanus II, son of Alexander Jannaeus and Alexandra 63–40 BCE (high priest)
Mattathias Antigonus II, son of Aristobulus II 40–37 BCE (Parthian rule)
Herodian Dynasty Dates of Reign
Herod the Great
governor of the Galilee 47–37 BCE
king of the Jews 37–4 BCE
Archelaus, son of Herod, ethnarch (“ruler of a people”) of Judea, 4 –6 [2]
BCE CE
Samaria, Idumea
Antipas, son of Herod, tetrarch (“ruler of a fourth”) of Galilee and 4 BCE–39 CE
Perea
Philip, son of Herod, tetrarch of Batanea, Trachonitis, Auranitis 4 BCE–34 CE
Agrippa I, grandson of Herod and son of Aristobulus IV and
Berenice
king of Batanea, Trachonitis, Aurantis, 37–44 CE
and of Judea, Galilee, and Perea 41–44 CE
Herod Agrippa II, son of Herod Agrippa I,
king of Chalcis (north of Judea), CE
king of Batanea, Trachonitis, Auranitis, Galilee, and Perea 53–ca. 93 CE

Roman Emperors Dates of Reign
Octavian (Augustus) 27 BCE–14 CE
Tiberius 14–37 CE
Gaius Caligula 37–41 CE
Claudius 41–54 CE
Nero 54–68 CE
Galba 68–69 CE
Otho 69 CE
Vitellius 69 CE
Vespasian 69–79 CE
Titus 79–81 CE
Domitian 81–96 CE
Nerva 96–98 CE
Trajan 98–117 CE