Galápagos Marine Invertebrates: Taxonomy, Biogeography, and Evolution in Darwin’s Islands

466 Pages·1991·18.513 MB·English

by  Matthew J. James (auth.), Matthew J. James (eds.)

Galapagos Marine
Invertebrates
Taxonomy, Biogeography, and
Evolution in Darwin's Islands
TOPICS IN GEOBIOLOGY
Series Editors: F. G. Stehli, DOSECC. Inc .• Gainesville. Florida
D. S. Jones, University of Florida. Gainesville. Florida
Volume 1 SKELETAL GROWTH OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS
Biological Records of Environmental Change
Edited by Donald C. Rhoads and Richard A. Lutz
Volume 2 ANIMAL-SEDIMENT RELATIONS
The Biogenic Alteration of Sediments
Edited by Peter L. McCall and Michael J. S. Tevesz
Volume 3 BIOTIC INTERACTIONS IN RECENT AND FOSSIL
BENTHIC COMMUNITIES
Edited by Michael J. S. Tevesz and Peter L. McCall
Volume 4 THE GREAT AMERICAN BIOTIC INTERCHANGE
Edited by Francis G. Stehli and S. David Webb
Volume 5 MAGNETITE BIOMINERALIZATION AND
MAGNETORECEPTION IN ORGANISMS
A New Biomagnetism
Edited by Joseph L. Kirschvink. Douglas S. Jones.
and Bruce J. MacFadden
Volume 6 NAUTILUS
The Biology and Paleobiology of a Living Fossil
Edited by W. Bruce Saunders and Neil H. Landman
Volume 7 HETEROCHRONY IN EVOLUTION
A Multidisciplinary Approach
Edited by Michael L. McKinney
Volume 8 GALApAGOS MARINE INVERTEBRATES
Taxonomy, Biogeography, and Evolution in Darwin's Islands
Edited by Matthew J. James
Volume 9 TAPHONOMY
Releasing the Data Locked in the Fossil Record
Edited by Peter A. Allison and Derek E. G. Briggs
Galapagos Marine
Invertebrates
Taxonomy, Biogeography, and
Evolution in Darwin's Islands
Edited by
Matthew J. James
Sonoma State University
Rohnert Park, California
Springer Science+B usiness Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-1n-Publication Data
Galapagos marine invertebrates : taxonomy, biogeography, and evolution
in Darwin's islands / edited by Matthew J. James.
p. cm. — ^Topics in geobiology ; v. 6)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4899-0648-9
1. Marine invertebrates—Galapagos Islands. I. James, Matthew J.
II. Series.
QL345.G2G35 1991
592. 09866'5—dc20 91-19754
CIP
ISBN 978-1-4899-0648-9 ISBN 978-1-4899-0646-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-0646-5
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1991
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
To my parents
Janet Frances James, Ed.D.
(1932-1980)
Robert Francis James, M.D.
Contributors
William C. Banta Department of Biology, The American University, Washington,
D.C. 20016
J. L. Barnard Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural
History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560
James A. Blake Science Applications International Corporation, Woods Hole,
Massachusetts 02543
Richard C. Brusca Department of Marine Invertebrates, San Diego Museum of
Natural History, San Diego, California 92112
Steven M. Chambers Division of Endangered Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103. Present address: Southern Califor
nia Field Station-Ventura Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ventura,
California 93003
Francisco P. Chavez Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Pacific Grove,
California 93950
Mitchell W. Colgan Earth Sciences Board of Studies, University of California
Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064. Present address: Department of
Geology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424
Yves Finet Department of Invertebrates, Museum of Natural History, CH1211
Geneva 6, Switzerland
John S. Garth Allan Hancock Foundation, University of Southern California, Los
Angeles, California 90089-0371
Terrence M. Gosliner Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, Califor
nia Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118
Alan W. Harvey Shannon Point Marine Center, Anacortes, Washington 98221
Thomas M. Iliffe Department of Marine Biology, Texas A & M University at
Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77553
Matthew J. James Department of Geology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park,
California 94928
vii
viii
Contributors
E. Alison Kay Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
96822
David L. Malmquist Earth Sciences Board of Studies, University of California
Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
Linda Yvonne Maluf Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univer
sity of Arizona, Thcson, Arizona 85721. Present address: 4081 Minuteman,
Boise, Idaho 83706
Sally E. Walker Department of Paleontology, University of California-Berkeley,
Berkeley, California 94720. Present address: Department of Zoology, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-2914
Wilfried Westheide Systematic Zoology, Department of Biology/Chemistry, Uni
versity of Osnabriick, D-4500 Osnabriick, Federal Republic of Germany
Mary K. Wicksten Department of Biology, Texas A & M University, College
Station, Texas 77843
Victor A. Zullo Department of Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at
Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403-3297
Contents
Introduction • Marine Invertebrate Evolution in the Galapagos Islands
Matthew J. James
1. Perspective of This Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Directions for Future Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. Plan of This Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
I. Oceanographic Setting
Chapter 1 • The Galapagos Islands and Their Relation to Oceanographic
Processes in the Tropical Pacific
Francisco P. Chavez and Richard C. Brusca
1. Introduction ..................................................... 9
2. Tectonic Setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3. Mean Conditions and Their Seasonal Variations .................... 11
4. Interannual Variability ............................................ 24
5. Summary and Conclusions................. . .... ... . ..... .... ... .. 29
References ....................................................... 30
II. Meiofauna and Annelida
Chapter 2 • The Meiofauna of the Galapagos: A Review
Wilfried Westheide
1. Introduction ..................................................... 37
2. Sampling and Extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3. Composition of Taxa........ . .... . ... . .... .. ...... ...... . ... ..... . 41
4. Abundance and Dynamics ........................................ 56
5. Dominating Groups............. .... . ... . . .... ... . ... . .... ... . ... . 58
ix
x Contents
6. Zonation ........................................................ 60
7. Number of Species ............................................... 60
8. Origin of Species. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 62
9. Meiofauna Speciation in the Galapagos Islands ..................... 65
References ....................................................... 69
Chapter 3 • The Polychaete Fauna of the Galapagos Islands
James A. Blake
1. Introduction ..................................................... 75
2. History of Polychaete Collections in the Galapagos Islands. . . . . . . . . . . 76
3. Results .......................................................... 76
4. List of Species with Reference Citations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5. Discussion....................................................... 90
6. Appendix: List of Stations Sampled by the Allan Hancock Pacific
Expeditions ...................................................... 91
References ....................................................... 95
III. Coelenterata
Chapter 4 • EI Nino and Coral Reef Development in the Galapagos
Islands: A Study of the Urvina Bay Uplift
Mitchell W. Colgan
1. Introduction ..................................................... 99
2. Methods......................................................... 103
3. Results and Discussion ........................................... 105
4. Conclusion ...................................................... 115
References ....................................................... 118
IV. Arthropoda (Crustacea)
Chapter 5 • Taxonomy, Distribution, and Ecology of Galapagos
Brachyura
John S. Garth
1. Taxonomy of Galapagos Brachyura ..... .... ..... .... ............... 123
2. Distribution of Galapagos Brachyura ............................... 132
3. Ecology of Galapagos Brachyura ................................... 137
References ....................................................... 143