Futuristic Trends in Numerical Relaying for Transmission Line Protections

163 Pages·2020·6.507 MB·English

by  Ujjaval Patel, Praghnesh Bhatt, Nilesh Chothani

Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering
Ujjaval Patel
Praghnesh Bhatt
Nilesh Chothani
Futuristic Trends
in Numerical
Relaying
for Transmission
Line Protections
Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering
Series Editor
Muhammad H. Rashid, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13509
Ujjaval Patel Praghnesh Bhatt
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Nilesh Chothani
Futuristic Trends
in Numerical Relaying
for Transmission Line
Protections
123
Ujjaval Patel Praghnesh Bhatt
Department ofElectrical Engineering Department ofElectrical Engineering
AdaniInstituteofInfrastructureEngineering Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
Nilesh Chothani
Department ofElectrical Engineering
AdaniInstituteofInfrastructureEngineering
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
ISSN 2199-8582 ISSN 2199-8590 (electronic)
Energy Systems inElectrical Engineering
ISBN978-981-15-8464-0 ISBN978-981-15-8465-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8465-7
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature
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Preface
This book has been organized into seven chapters as following:
Chapter1outlinestheintroductionandtraditionalprotectionphilosophyadoptedto
shelterthepowersystemunderconsiderationalongwithstate-of-the-artreviewson
the existing methods. The literature review starts with the technological develop-
ments in the field of phasor estimation of analog input signal applied to numerical
relays to initiate the relaying actions. It also covers the reviews on numerical
distance protection schemes along with separate review on widely used methods
based on traveling wave, artificial neural network, and wavelet transform tech-
niques. This chapter also covers exhaustive literature survey on power swing
detection methods for uncompensated and series compensated transmission lines.
Attheend,theliteraturesurveyisalsoprovidedonauto-reclosuretechnologyused
to discriminate between transient fault and permanent faults.
Chapter 2 presents critical issues that influence the performance of numerical dis-
tancerelaysalongwithappropriatemathematicalfundamentals.Themainresearch
objectivesarenarratedinorder toclarify thescope ofresearchintheareaofsmart
grid protections. This chapter also outlines the plan of work carried out during the
research.
Chapter 3 demonstrates the development of adaptive quadrilateral numerical
relaying distance scheme for fault impedance compensation. It proposes an inno-
vative solution over conventionally used distance relaying schemes. The proposed
scheme adaptively modifies the characteristic of numerical relay adaptively
dependingonthemagnitudeoffaultimpedance.Italsoidentifiesthefaulttypeand
estimates fault location along with fault instance which are the key attributes of
multi-functional numerical relays.
Chapter4outlinesasimpleandeffectivemethodfordiscriminationbetweenpower
swing and fault for uncompensated transmission line. The developed scheme is
validated for various kinds of fault and power swing conditions, including sym-
metrical fault occurring during the power swing.
v
vi Preface
Chapter 5 reveals development of sequence-space-aided disturbance classifier
technique for series compensated transmission line. It signifies usage of support
vector machine (SVM) to detect and classify the fault occurring during the power
swing. It proves to be very advance and effective discrimination method in com-
parison with schemes developed by many researchers.
Chapter 6 shows emulation of synchro-phasor-aided auto-reclosing scheme to
discriminate between transient fault and permanent fault occurring in the trans-
missionline.Anextensivesimulationandhardwareemulationhavebeencarriedfor
detection of transient fault with adaptive dead time control. It proves to be an
effectiveauto-reclosingtechnologyforbothuncompensatedandcompensatedEHV
and UHV transmission lines. The developed scheme indicates remarkable
improvement in the stability and reliability of power grid network.
Chapter 7 concludes the summary of this book for the protection of transmission
linealongwithsuggestedmodificationsforsmartprotectiveschemes.Thescopeof
future research has been also explored for the technocrats working in this field.
Finally, literatures used during the research are outlined in references as sup-
porting fundamentals behind this research.
Ahmedabad, India Ujjaval Patel
Gandhinagar, India Praghnesh Bhatt
Ahmedabad, India Nilesh Chothani
Acknowledgements
Aswecompletethisbook,weacknowledgetheblessingsofAlmightyforenabling
us to complete our research successfully.
We are very much thankful to the management of Adani Institute of
Infrastructure Engineering and Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University for pro-
viding great support during our research and providing the essence of research in
terms of time, support, and freedom. We acknowledge the constant motivation
provided to us during our crucial time.
Obviously, this would not be possible without active cooperation of technical
and nontechnical staff members of Electrical Engineering Department of both
institutions. We obliged them for their direct and indirect support in carrying out
various tasks associated with our research work.
We are grateful to the following journals for permission to reprint essays:
Chap. 3 was published as ‘Adaptive Quadrilateral Distance Relaying Scheme for
Fault Impedance Compensation’, International Journal of Electrical Control and
Communication Engineering, 14(1), (2018): 58–70; Chap. 4 was published as
‘Distance Relaying with Power Swing Detection based on Voltage and Reactive
Power Sensitivity’, International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, 17
(1), (2016): 27–38; Chap. 5 was published as ‘A Novel Sequence-Space
Aided SVM Classifier for Disturbance Detection in Series Compensated
TransmissionLine’,IETScienceMeasurement&Technology,12(8),(2018):983–
993; Chap. 6 was publicized in ‘Novel Auto-Reclosing Scheme with Adaptive
Dead Time Control for EHV Transmission Line’, IET Science Measurement &
Technology,12(8),(2018):1001–1008foruncompensatedtransmissionline.Itwas
further extended for compensated transmission line and was published as
‘Emulation of Auto-Reclosing Scheme with Adaptive Dead Time Control for
Protection of Series Compensated Transmission Line’, Electric Power Component
& Systems, 47(1), (2019): 77–89.
This acknowledgement will be inconclusive without the mention of our dear
family members for their support and understanding despite the hardships they
vii
viii Acknowledgements
endured. Besides this, we would like to extend our regards to all dear friends and
well-wishers for their constant greetings and support.
Special thanks to the Springer Nature publication and associated press for the
care they have given during the preparation and production of this book.
Ujjaval Patel
Praghnesh Bhatt
Nilesh Chothani
Contents
1 Transmission Line Protection Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Transmission Network Protection Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 Necessity of Advanced Power System Protection. . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Traditional Transmission Line Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 Time-Graded Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.2 Differential Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.3 Distance Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.4 Carrier-Aided Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 Literature Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 Review on Phasor Estimation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 Numerical Distance Protection for Fault Context Identification . . . 10
1.5.1 Review on Microprocessor-Based Protection Schemes . . . . 11
1.5.2 Review on Neural Network-Based Protection Schemes . . . 11
1.5.3 Review on Traveling-Wave-Based Protection Schemes . . . 12
1.5.4 Review on Wavelet Transform-Based Protection
Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.6 Power Swing Detection Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.6.1 Review on Power Swing Detection for Uncompensated
Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.6.2 Review on Power Swing Detection for SCTL . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.7 Auto-Reclosure Technology Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2 Transmission Line Protection: Issues and Research Needs . . . . . . . . 21
2.1 Issues in Numerical Distance Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1.1 Effect of DC Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.1.2 Fault Inception Angle and Power Flow Angle. . . . . . . . . . 22
2.1.3 Close-In Fault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.4 Influence of Fault Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.5 Load Encroachment and Evaluation of Zone 3 Relay
Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
ix