Future colliders

10 Pages·1996·0.249 MB·English

by  Palmer, R.B., Gallardo, J.C

FUTURE COLLIDERS
R. B. PALMER and J. C. GALLARDO
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000, USA
The high energy physics advantages, disadvantages and luminosity requirements of hadron (pp, pp¯), of lepton
(e+e−, µ+µ−) and photon-photon colliders are considered. Technical arguments for increased energy in each
typeofmachinearepresented. Theirrelativesize,andtheimplicationsofsizeoncostarediscussed.
6
9 1 Physics Considerations tional to the mass squared, is more than 40,000
9
times greater for muons than electrons. When
1
1.1 General technical considerations are included, the situa-

t tionismorecomplicated. Muonbeamsareharder
c Hadron-hadron colliders (pp or pp¯) generate in-
O to polarize and muon colliders will have much
teractions between the many constituents of the
9 hadrons (gluons, quarks and antiquarks); the ini- higher backgrounds from decay products of the
muons. On the other hand muon collider inter-
tial states are not defined and most interactions
actions will require less radiative correction and
occur at relatively low energy generating a very
1
will have less energy spread from beamstrahlung.
v large background of uninteresting events. The
Each type of collider has its own advantages
rate of the highest energy events is higher for
8 and disadvantages for High Energy Physics: they
0 antiproton-protonmachines,butthisisasmallef-
are complementary.
0 fect for colliders above a few TeV. In either case
0 the effective individual interaction energies are a
1 relativelysmallfractionofthetotalcenterofmass 1.2 Required Luminosity for Lepton Colliders
6
energy. Nevertheless,because high energy hadron
9 In lepton machines the full center of mass of the
machines have been relatively easier and cheaper
/ leptons is available for the final state of interest
s
to build, and because all final states are accessi-
c andtheeffective energyisequaltothetotalcenter
i ble,manyinitialdiscoveriesinElementaryParticle of mass energy.
s
y Physics have been made with these machines.
h In contrast, lepton-antilepton and photon- Eeff = Ecofm (1)
p photon colliders generate interactions between
v: the fundamental point-like constituents in their Since fundamental cross sections fall as the
i beams, the reactions generatedare relatively sim- square of the center of mass energies involved, so,
X ple to understand and there is no background of for a given rate of events, the luminosity of a col-
r low energy events. If the center of mass energy is lider must rise as the square of its energy. A rea-
a
set equal to the mass of a suitable state of inter- sonable target luminosity is one that would give
est, then there can be a large cross section in the 10,000 events per unit of R per year:
s-channel, in which a single state is generated by
2
E
the interaction. In this case, the mass and quan- L ≈ 1034 (cm−2s−1) eff (2)
req.
(cid:18)1 (TeV)(cid:19)
tum numbers of the state are constrained by the
initialbeams. Iftheenergyspreadofthebeamsis
Fig. 1 shows this required luminosity, together
sufficiently narrow, then precision determination
withcrossesattheapproximateachievedluminosi-
of masses and widths are possible.
ties of some lepton colliders. Target luminosities
Agamma-gammacollideralsohaswelldefined
ofpossiblefuturecollidersarealsogivenascircles.
initialstates,complementingthoseattainablewith
lepton colliders.
For most purposes (technical considerations
1.3 The Effective Energies of Hadron Colliders
aside) e+e−and µ+µ−colliders would be equiva-
lent. Butintheparticularcaseofs-channelHiggs Hadrons, being composite, have their energy di-
bosonproduction,thecrosssection,beingpropor- videdbetweentheirseveralconstituents. Atypical
1
proton-proton machine, but the luminosity of an
antiproton-proton collider is limited by the con-
straints in antiprotons production. Luminosities
of 1033 cm−2s−1 may be achievable at FNAL
withantiproton-proton,butLHC,aproton-proton
machine, is planned to have a luminosity of
1034 cm−2s−1, and might 1 be upgradable to
1035 cm−2s−1. Radiation damage to a detector
would,however,thenbeasevereproblem. The60
TeV Really Large Hadron Colliders (RLHC high
and low fields ) discussed at Snowmass are be-
ing designed as proton-proton machines with lu-
minosities of 1034 cm−2s−1.
The size of hadron-hadron machines is lim-
ited by the field of the magnets used in their
arcs. A cost minimum is obtained when a bal-
ance is achieved between costs that are linear in
length, and those that rise with magnetic field.
The optimum field will depend on the technolo-
giesusedbothforthethelinearcomponents(tun-
nel,access,distribution,survey,positionmonitors,
mountings, magnet ends, etc) and those of the
Figure 1: Luminosity of lepton colliders as a function of magnets themselves, including the type of super-
energy conductor used.
The first hadron collider, the 60 GeV ISR at
collisionofconstituentswillthushavesignificantly CERN, used conventional iron pole magnets at a
less energy thanthat of the initial hadrons. Stud- field less than 2 T. The only current hadron col-
iesdoneinSnowmass82and96suggestthatgiven lider, the 2 TeV TeVatron, at FNAL, uses NbTi
◦
the required luminosity (as defined in Eq. 2) the superconducting magnets at approximately 4 K.
hadronmachine’seffective energyisabout1/10th The 14 TeV Large Hadron Collider (LHC), under
of its total: constructionatCERN, plansto use the same ma-
◦
terial at 1.8 K.
E
E (L=L ) ≈ cofm Future colliders may use new materials allow-
eff req.
10
inghighermagneticfields. Fig.2showsthecritical
Thesamestudieshavealsoconcludedthatafactor current densities of various superconductors as a
of 10 in luminosity is worth about a factor of 2 in functionofmagneticfield. The numbersinparen-
◦
effective energy, this being approximately equiva- thesis refer to the temperatures in K. Good and
lent to: bad refer to the best and worst performance ac-
E (L) ∝ (L/L )0.3 cording to the orientation in degree of the tape
eff req.
withrespecttothedirectionofthemagneticfield.
From which, with Eq. 2, one obtains:
Model magnets have been made with Nb Sn, and
3
E 0.6 L 0.2 studies areunderwayonthe use of highTc super-
Eeff(TeV)≈(cid:18)10(cTofeVm)(cid:19) (cid:18)1034(cm−2s−1)(cid:19) conductor. Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8 (BSCCO) material
is currently available in useful lengths as powder-
(3)
in-Ag tube processed tape. It has a higher criti-
caltemperatureandfieldthanconventionalsuper-
2 Technical Considerations ◦
conductors, but, even at 4 K, its current density
is less than Nb Sn at all fields below 15 T. It is
2.1 Hadron-Hadron Machines 3
thusunsuitable forhighfieldacceleratormagnets.
An antiproton-proton collider requires only one In contrast YBa Cu O (YBCO) material has a
2 3 7
◦
ring, compared with the two needed for a current density above that for Nb Sn (4 K ), at
3
2
Figure2: Criticalcurrentdensitiesofsuperconductorsasa Figure 3: Relative costs of a collider as a function of its
functionofmagneticfield. bending magnetic field, for different superconductors and
operatingtemperatures
◦
all fields and temperatures below 20 K. But this
NbTi (in (d)), or 4 times NbTi (in (e)).
material must be deposited on specially treated
It is seen that the optimum field moves from
metallic substrates and is not yet available in
◦
about 6 T for NbTi at 4 K to about 12 T for
lengths greater than 1 m. It is reasonable to as-
◦
YBCO at 20 K; while the total cost falls by al-
sume, however, that it will be available in useful
most a factor of 2; i.e., the optimized cost per
lengths in the not too distant future.
unitlengthremainsapproximatelyconstant. This
A parametricstudy2 was undertakento learn
might have been expected: at the cost minimum,
what the use of such materials might do for the
the cost of linear and field dependent terms are
costofcolliders. 2-in-1cosinethetasuperconduct-
matched, and the total remains about twice that
ing magnet cross sections were calculated using
of the linear terms.
fixed criteria for margin, packing fraction, quench
Itmustbenotedthattheabovestudyassumes
protection, support and field return. Material
a particular type of magnet and may not be in-
costs were taken to be linear in the weights of su-
dicative of the optimization for radically different
perconductor,copperstabilizer,aluminumcollars,
designs. AgroupatFNAL3 isconsideringaniron
iron yoke and stainless steel support tube. The
dominated, alternating gradient, continuous, sin-
cryogeniccosts were takento be inverselypropor-
gleturncollidermagnetdesign(LowfieldRLHC).
tional to the operating temperature, and linear in
Itsfieldwouldbeonly2Tandcircumferencevery
the outer surface area of the cold mass.
large (350 km for 60 TeV), but with its simplicity
The values of the cost dependencies were
andwithtunnelinginnovationsitishopedtomake
scaled from LHC estimates. Results are shown
its cost lower than the smaller high field designs.
in Fig. 3. Costs were calculated assuming NbTi
There are however greater problems in achieving
◦ ◦ ◦
at (a) 4 K, and (b) 1.8 K, (c) Nb Sn at 4.3 K,
3 highluminositywithsuchamachinethanwiththe
◦
and (d) and (e) YBCO High T at 20 K. NbTi
c higher field designs.
andNb Sncostsperunitweightweretakentobe
3
the same; YBCO was taken to be either equal to
3
2.2 Circular Electron-Positron Machines
Although the luminosities of most circular
electron-positron colliders has been between 1031
and 1032cm−2s−1 (see Fig.1), CESR is fast ap-
proaching1033cm−2s−1 andmachinesarenowbe-
ing constructed with even high values. Thus, at
least in principle, luminosity does not seem to be
a limitation, although it may be noted that the
0.2 TeV electron-positron collider LEP has a lu-
minosity below the above requirement.
At energies below 100 MeV, using a chosen
reasonable bending field, the size and cost of a
circular electron machine is approximately pro-
portional to its energy. But at higher energies,
if the bending field B is maintained, the energy
lost ∆V to synchrotron radiation rises rapidly
turn
E4 E3 B
∆V ∝ ∝ (4)
turn R m4 m4
and soon becomes excessive (R is the radius of
the ring). A costminimum is then obtained when
the cost of the ring is balanced by the cost of the Figure4: Gradientvaluesandlimitsinlinearcolliderelec-
tronlinacs
rf needed to replace the synchrotron energy loss.
If the ring cost is proportional to its circumfer-
ence,andthe rfis proportionalto its voltagethen
the cost per unit length of an optimized machine
the size and cost of an optimized machine rises
should again be about twice the linear costs. But
as the square of its energy. This relationship is
this time the linear costs include the linac itself,
welldemonstratedbytheparametersofactualma-
and these will be dependent on technology and rf
chines (see Fig. 8).
frequency.
Thehigheste+e−collideristheLEPatCERN
If,however,therfcostscanbeconstrained,for
which has a circumference of 27 km, and will
instance when superconducting cavities are used,
achieveamaximumcenterofmassenergyofabout
then there will be no trade off and higher gradi-
0.2 TeV. Using the predicted scaling, a 0.5 TeV
ents should be expected to lower the length and
circular collider would have to have a 170 km cir-
cost. The gradients achievable in Niobium su-
cumference, and would be very expensive.
perconducting cavities is theoretically limited to
about 40 MV/m and practically to 15-25 MV/m.
2.3 Electron-Positron Linear Colliders
Nb Sn and high Tc materials may allow higher
3
So, for energies much abovethat 0.2 TeV it is im- field gradients in the future with no loss of lumi-
practical to build a circular electron collider. The nosity.
only possibility is to build two electronlinacs fac- Thegradientsforconventionalstructureshave
ing one another. Interactions occur at the center, limits thatarefrequencydependent. Fig. 4shows
andtheelectrons,aftertheyhaveinteracted,must the gradient limits from breakdown, fatigue and
be discarded. darkcurrentcaptureplottedagainsttheoperating
If the linacs are conventional, non- rf frequency. Operating gradients and frequencies
superconducting,structures,thentheremayagain of several linear collider designs 4 are also indi-
be a cost trade off; this time between the cost of cated. One sees that the use of high frequencies
rf to obtain accelerating gradient, and the linear allows higher accelerating gradients, less overall
costsofthestructure,tunnel,etc. Iftheoptimized length and thus, hopefully, less cost. There are
gradient is less than its technical maximum, then howevercounterbalancingconsiderationsfromthe
4
requirements of luminosity. • the wall-power to beam-power efficiencies
The luminosity L of a linear collider can be are less.
written:
Thus while length and cost considerations
L = 1 N Pbeam n (5) may favor high frequencies, yet luminosity con-
collisions
4πE σ σ siderations demand lower frequencies.
x y
At higher energies (as expected from Eq. 7),
where, in this case, n = 1; σ and σ are
collisions x y obtaining the required luminosity gets harder.
average beam spot sizes including any pinch ef-
Fig.6 showsthe dependency of some example ma-
fects: σ being greater than σ ; E is the beam
x y chineparameterswithenergy. SLCistakenasthe
energy and P is the total beam power. This
beam exampleat0.1TeV,NLCparametersat0.5and1
can also be expressed as,
TeV, and 5 and 10 TeV examples are taken from
1 n P a review paper by one of the authors5. One sees
L = γ beam (6) that:
4πE 2r α σ
o y
• the assumed beam power rises approxi-
where r is the classicalelectromagnetic radius, α
o mately as E2;
is the electromagnetic constant, and n the num-
γ
ber of photons emitted by one bunch as it passes • the vertical spot sizes fall approximately as
through the other. If nγ is too large then the E−2;
beamstrahlung background of electron pairs and
• the vertical normalized emittances fall even
other products becomes unacceptable. So, for a
faster than E−2; and
fixed criterion for background, we have:
1 P • the momentum spread due to beam-
L∝ beam
strahlung has been allowed to rise approx-
E σ
y
imately linearly with E.
whichmaybecomparedtotherequiredluminosity
These trends are independent of the accelera-
that increases as the square of energy, giving the
tion method, frequency, etc, and indicate that as
requirement:
the energyandrequiredluminosity rise,sothe re-
P
beam ∝ E3. (7) quired beam powers, efficiencies, emittances and
σ
y
tolerances will all get harder to achieve. The use
Itisthis requirementthatmakesithardtodesign of higher frequencies or exotic technologies that
very high energy linear colliders. The 0.1 TeV would allow the gradient to rise, will, in general,
SLC, with a relatively low energy, is still almost make the achievement of the required luminosity
anorderofmagnitudebelowitsdesignluminosity, even more difficult. It may well prove impracti-
andnearlyfourordersofmagnitudelessthanthat cal to construct linear electron-positron colliders,
specifiedfor the variousdesigns for0.5TeV linear with adequate luminosity, at energies above a few
colliders4. TeV.
Fig.5, using parameters from the linear col-
lider proposals4, plots some relevant parameters
2.4 Photon-Photon Colliders
against the rf frequency. One sees that as the fre-
quencies rise, A gamma-gamma collider 6 would use opposing
electronlinacs,as ina linearelectroncollider,but
• the machine lengths fall as higher gradients
justpriortothecollisionpoint,laserbeamswould
become possible,
bebackscatteredofftheelectronstogeneratepho-
• greater alignment precision is required. For ton beams that would collide at the IP instead of
the electrons. If suitable geometries are used, the
instance, in the resolution of beam position
meanphoton-photonenergycouldbe80%ormore
monitors; and
of that of the electrons, with a luminosity about
• despite these better alignments, the calcu- 1/10th.
lated emittance growth during acceleration If the electron beams, after they have Comp-
is greater; and tonbackscatteredthephotons,aredeflected, then
5
backgrounds from beamstrahlung can be elimi-
nated. The constraint on N/σ in Eq.5 is thus
x
removed and one might hope that higher lumi-
nosities would now be possible by raising N and
lowering σ . Unfortunately, to do this, one needs
x
sources of larger number of electron bunches with
smalleremittances, andone mustfindwaysto ac-
celerate and focus such beams without excessive
emittance growth. Conventional damping rings
will have difficulty doing this8. Exotic electron
sources might be needed.
Thus, although gamma-gamma collisions can
and should be made available at any future
electron-positronlinearcollider,toaddphysicsca-
pability, they may not give higher luminosity for
a given beam power.
2.5 Muon-Muon Colliders
Therearetwoadvantagesofmuons,asopposedto
electrons, for a lepton collider.
• The synchrotron radiation, that forces high
Figure 5: Dependence of some sensitive parameters as a
functionoflinearcolliderrffrequency. energy electron colliders to be linear, is (see
Eq. 4) inversely proportional to the fourth
power of mass: It is negligible in muon col-
liders with energy less than 10 TeV. Thus
a muon collider, up to such energy, can be
circular. In practice this means in can be
smaller. Thelinacsfora0.5TeVNLCwould
be 20 km long. The ring for a muon collider
of the same energy would be only about 1.2
km circumference.
• Theluminosityofamuoncolliderisgivenby
the same formula as inEq. 5 as givenabove
for an electron positron collider, but there
are two significant changes: 1) The classi-
cal radius r is now that for the muon and
o
is 200 times smaller; and 2) the number of
collisions a bunch can make n is no
collisions
longer 1, but is now related to the average
bending fieldinthe muoncolliderring,with
n ≈ 150 B
collisions ave
Withanaveragefieldof6Tesla,n ≈
collisions
900. Thusthesetwoeffectsgivemuonsanin
Figure6: Dependenceofsomesensitiveparametersonlin-
earcolliderenergy. principle luminosityadvantageofmorethan
105.
The problems with the use of muons are:
6
• Muons can be best obtained from the de-
cayofpions,made byhigher energyprotons
impingingonatarget. Ahighintensitypro-
tonsourceisthusrequiredandveryefficient
captureanddecayofthesepionsisessential.
• Becausethemuonsaremadewithverylarge
emittance, they must be cooled and this
must be done very rapidly because of their
short lifetime. Conventional synchrotron,
electron, or stochastic cooling is too slow.
Ionization cooling is the only clear possibil-
ity,butdoesnotcooltoverylowemittances.
• Because of their short lifetime, conventional
synchrotronacceleration would be too slow.
Recirculating accelerators or pulsed syn-
chrotrons must be used.
• Because they decay while stored in the col-
lider, muons radiate the ring and detector
with their decay products. Shielding is es-
sentialandbackgroundswillcertainlybesig-
nificant.
Muoncolliderswerefirstconsideredmorethan
20 years ago, many papers have been written and
Figure7: Overviewofa4TeVMuonCollider
many workshops held 9. A collaboration, lead
by BNL, FNAL and LBNL, with contributions
from 18 institutions has been studying a 4 TeV, Table1: ParametersofColliderRings
highluminosity scenarioandpresenteda Feasibil- c-of-m Energy TeV 4 .5
ity Study7 to the 1996 Snowmass Workshop. Beam energy TeV 2 .25
The basic parameters of this collider are Beam γ 103 19 2.4
shown schematically in Fig.7 and given in Tb.1 Repetition rate Hz 15 2.5
together with those for a 0.5 TeV demonstration Muons per bunch 1012 2 4
machine based on the AGS as an injector. It is Bunches of each sign 2 1
assumed that a demonstration version based on Norm. rms emit. ǫN π mrad 510−5 910−5
upgrades of the FERMILAB, or CERN machines Bending Field T 9 9
would also be possible. Circumference Km 7 1.2
The main components are: Ave. ring field B T 6 5
Effective turns 102 9 8
• AprotonsourcewithKAONlikeparameters ∗
β at intersection mm 3 8
(30 GeV, 1014 protons per pulse, at 15 Hz).
rms I.P. beam size µm 2.8 17
• A liquid metal target surrounded by a 20 T Luminosity cm−2s−1 1035 1033
hybrid or high T superconducting solenoid
c
to make and capture pions.
come later. Muons from pions in the 100-
• A 5 T solenoidal channel within a sequence 500 MeV range emerge in a 6 m long bunch
of rf cavities is used to allow the pions to at 150 ± 30 MeV bunch.
decayintomuonsand,atthe sametime,de-
celerate the fast ones that come first, while • A solenoidal snake and collimator to select
accelerating the lower momentum ones that themomentum,andthuspolarization,ofthe
7
muons.
• A sequence of 20 ionization cooling stages,
eachconsisting of a) lithium energy loss rod
in a strong focusing environment for trans-
verse cooling, b) linac reacceleration and c)
lithium wedges in a dispersive environment
for cooling in momentum space.
• A linac, and/or recirculating linac, pre ac-
celerator, followed by a sequence of pulsed
field synchrotron accelerators using super-
conducting linacs for rf.
• Anisochronouscolliderringwithlocallycor-
rected low beta (β=3 mm) insertion.
For a low energy muon collider, there would
bearelativelylargefixedcostforthemuonsource,
but for a high energy machine the costwould still
be dominated by that of the final circular acceler-
atorandcolliderrings. Estimatessuggestthatthe
costofthesemightbeasmuchasafactor3higher
than that for a hadronmachine of the same beam
Figure 8: Effective energies of colliders as a function of
energy, but, because of the advantage in colliding
theirtotal length.
point like leptons, a factor of 3 or more less than
a hadron machine of the same effective energy.
• Muon-Muon Colliders: Only the 4 TeV col-
lider, discussed above, and the 0.5 TeV
2.6 Comparison of Machines
demonstration machine have been plotted.
In Fig. 8, the effective energies (as defined by Eq. Thelinedrawnhasthesameslopeasforthe
3) of representative machines are plotted against hadron machines.
their total tunnel lengths. We note:
It is noted that the muon collider offers the
• Hadrons Colliders: It is seen that the ener- greatestenergyperunitlength. Thisisalsoappar-
giesofmachinesrisewiththeirsize,butthat ent in Fig. 9, in which the footprints of a number
this rise is faster than linear (Eeff ∝ L1.3). ofproposedmachinesaregivenonthe samescale.
Thisslopeisareflectioninthesteadyrisein Butdoesthismeanitwillgivethegreatestenergy
bendingmagneticfieldsusedastechnologies perunitofcost? Fig. 10plotsthecostofasample
and materials have become available. of machines against their size. Before examining
• Circular Electron-Positron Colliders: The thisplot,bewarned: thenumbersyouwillseewill
not be the ones you are familiar with. The pub-
energies of these machines rise approxi-
lished numbers for different projects use different
matelyasthesquarerootoftheirsize,asex-
accounting procedures and include different items
pected from the cost optimization discussed
in their costs. Not very exact corrections and es-
above.
calationhavebeenmadetoobtainestimatesofthe
• Linear Electron-Positron Colliders: The costs under fixed criteria: 1996 $’s, US account-
SLCistheonlyexistingmachineofthistype ing, no detectors or halls. The resulting numbers,
andonlyoneexampleofaproposedmachine asplotted,mustbeconsideredtohaveerrorsofat
(theNLC)isplotted. Thelinedrawnhasthe least ± 20%.
same slope as for the hadron machines and The costsareseento be surprisinglywellrep-
implies a similar rise in accelerating gradi- resented by a straight line. Circular electron ma-
ent, as technologies advance. chines, as expected, lie significantly below this
8
Figure9: Approximatesizesofsomepossiblefuturecolliders.
line. The only plotted muon collider (the 0.5 TeV
demonstrationmachine’sverypreliminarycostes-
timate) lies above the line. But the clear indica-
tion is that length is, or at least has been, a good
estimator of approximate cost. It is interesting to
note that the fitted line indicates costs rising, not
linearly, but as the 0.85th power of length. This
can be taken as a measure of economies of scale.
3 Conclusion
Our conclusions,with the caveatthat they arein-
deed only our opinions, are:
• The LHC is a well optimized and appropri-
ate next step towards high effective energy.
• A Very Large Hadron Collider with energy
greater than the SSC (e.g. 60 TeV c-of-m)
and cost somewhat less than the SSC, may
well be possible with the use of high T su-
c
perconductors that may soon be available.
Figure 10: Costs of some machines as a function of their • A “Next Linear Collider” is the only clean
total lengths.
way to complement the LHC with a lepton
machine, and the only way to do so soon.
But it appears that even a 0.5 TeV collider
9
will be more expensive than the LHC, and References
it will be technically challenging: obtaining
the design luminosity may not be easy. 1. A. W. Chao, R. B. Palmer, L. Evans, J,
Gareyte, R. H. Siemann, Hadron Colliders
• Extrapolating conventional rf e+e−linear (SSC/LHC), Proc.1990 Summer Study on
colliderstoenergiesabove1or2TeVwillbe High Energy Physics, Snowmass, (1990) p
very difficult. Raising the rf frequency can 667.
reduce length and probably cost for a given 2. R. B. Palmer, to be published.
energy, but obtaining luminosity increasing 3. S. Holmes for the RLHC Group, Sum-
asthesquareofenergy,asrequired,maynot maryReport, presentationatthe Snowmass
be feasible. Workshop 1996, to be published.
4. International Linear Collider Technical Re-
• Laserdrivenacceleratorsarebecomingmore
view Committee Report, SLAC-R-95-471,
realistic and can be expected to have a sig-
(1995)
nificantly lower cost per TeV. But the ratio
5. R. B. Palmer,Prospects for High Energy
of luminosity to wall power and the ability e+e−Linear Colliders, Annu. Rev. Nucl.
to preserve very small emittances, is likely
Part. Sci. (1990) 40, p 529-92.
to be significantly worse than for conven-
6. V. Telnov, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A294,
tional rf driven machines. Colliders using
(1990) 72; A Second Interaction Region
suchtechnologiesarethusunlikelytoachieve
for Gamma-Gamma, Gamma-Electron and
very high luminosities and thus unsuitable
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for higher (above 2 TeV) energy physics re-
K-J Kim, LBNL-38985, LLNL-UCRL-ID
search.
124182,SLAC-PUB-95-7192.
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• A higher gradient superconducting Linac
52503,FermiLab-Conf-96/092,LBNL-38946,
colliderusing Nb SnorhighT materials,if
3 c submitted to the Proceedings of the Snow-
itbecomestechnicallypossible,couldbe the
mass96 Workshop.
only way to attain the required luminosities
in a higher energy e+e−collider. 8. R.B.Palmer,Acceleratorparameters for γ−
γ colliders; Nucl. Inst. and Meth., A355
• Gamma-gammacollisionscanandshouldbe (1995) 150-153.
9. A.N.SkrinskyandV.V.Parkhomchuk,Sov.
obtainedatanyfuture electron-positronlin-
ear collider. They would add physics capa- J. of Nucl. Physics 12, (1981) 3; Neuf-
bility to such a machine, but, despite their fer, IEEE Trans. NS-28, (1981) 2034; E.
A. Perevedentsev and A. N. Skrinsky, Proc.
freedomfromthebeamstrahlungconstraint,
are unlikely to achieve higher luminosity. 12th Int. Conf. on High Energy Acceler-
ators, F. T. Cole and R. Donaldson, Eds.,
• A muon Collider, being circular, could be (1983) 485; 2nd Workshop, Sausalito, CA,
far smaller than a conventional electron- Ed. D. Cline, AIP Press, Woodbury, New
positron collider of the same energy. Very York, (1995).
preliminary estimates suggest that it would
also be significantly cheaper. The ratio of
luminosity to wall power for such machines,
above 2 TeV, appears to be better than
that for electron positron machines, and ex-
trapolation to a center of mass energy of
4 TeV or above does not seem unreason-
able. If research and development can show
that it is practical, then a 0.5-1 TeV muon
collider could be a useful complement to
e+e−colliders, and, at higher energies (e.g.
4 TeV), could be a viable alternative.
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