Table Of ContentWeston M. Stacey
Fusion
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Weston M. Stacey
Fusion
An Introduction to the Physics and Technology of
Magnetic Confinement Fusion
Second, Completely Revised and Enlarged edition
TheAuthor AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHarecarefully
produced.Nevertheless,authors,editors,and
WestonM.Stacey publisherdonotwarranttheinformationcontained
GeorgiaInst.ofTechnology inthesebooks,includingthisbook,tobefreeof
Nuclear&RadiologicalEngineering errors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat
andMedicalPhysics statements,data,illustrations,proceduraldetailsor
900AtlanticDrive,NW otheritemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate.
Atlanta,GA30332-0425
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Cover BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
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publicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;
detailedbibliographicdataareavailableonthe
Internetathttp://dnb.d-nb.de.
#2010WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,
Weinheim
Allrightsreserved(includingthoseoftranslationinto
otherlanguages).Nopartofthisbookmaybe
reproducedinanyform–byphotoprinting,
microfilm,oranyothermeans–nortransmittedor
translatedintoamachinelanguagewithoutwritten
permissionfromthepublishers.Registerednames,
trademarks,etc.usedinthisbook,evenwhennot
specificallymarkedassuch,arenottobeconsidered
unprotectedbylaw.
Typesetting ThomsonDigital,Noida,India
PrintingandBinding betz-druckGmbH,Darmstadt
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PrintedintheFederalRepublicofGermany
Printedonacid-freepaper
ISBN:978-3-527-40967-9
V
Contents
Preface to the First Edition IX
Preface XI
Acknowledgments to the First Edition XIII
Acknowledgments XV
1 Introduction 1
1.1 BasicsofFusion 1
1.2 MagneticConfinement 3
1.2.1 ClosedToroidalConfinementSystems 4
1.2.2 Open(Mirror)ConfinementSystems 6
1.3 FeasibilityofFusion 8
1.3.1 ScientificFeasibility 8
1.3.2 EngineeringFeasibility 10
1.3.3 PracticalFeasibility 11
1.3.4 EconomicFeasibilityandFuelResources 11
2 BasicProperties 13
2.1 Plasma 13
2.2 ElectricandMagneticFields 14
2.3 PlasmaFrequency 17
2.4 CoulombScattering 18
2.5 CharacteristicTimes 22
2.6 Resistivity 23
2.7 Gyromotion 24
2.8 Drifts 25
3 EquilibriumandTransport 29
3.1 EquilibriumandPressureBalance 29
3.2 ClassicalTransport 31
Fusion:Second,CompletelyRevisedandEnlargededition.WestonM.Stacey
Copyright(cid:1)2010Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:978-3-527-40967-9
VI Contents
3.3 NeoclassicalTransport 34
3.4 Fluctuation-DrivenTransport 35
4 ConfinementConcepts 37
4.1 MagneticMirrors 37
4.1.1 SimpleMirrors 37
4.1.2 Minimum-BMirrors 39
4.1.3 TandemMirrors 41
4.1.4 CurrentMirrorResearch 44
4.2 Tokamaks 44
4.2.1 ConfinementPrinciples 44
4.2.2 Stability 49
4.2.3 DensityLimit 52
4.2.4 MHDInstabilityLimits 52
4.2.5 ScalingofExperimentalEnergyConfinementTimes 54
4.2.5.1 OhmicConfinement 54
4.2.5.2 L-ModeConfinement 55
4.2.5.3 H-ModeConfinement 55
4.3 AlternativeConfinementConcepts 56
4.3.1 Stellarator 57
4.3.2 SphericalTorus 59
4.3.3 Reversed-FieldPinch 59
5 PlasmaHeating 63
5.1 OhmicHeating 63
5.2 NeutralBeamInjection(NBI) 64
5.3 WaveHeating 68
5.3.1 WavePhenomenainPlasmas 68
5.3.2 Waveguides 70
5.3.3 LaunchinganElectromagneticWaveintoaPlasma 73
5.3.4 Radio-FrequencyHeating 74
5.4 Compression 76
5.5 FusionAlphaHeating 77
5.6 Non-InductiveCurrentDrive 77
5.7 ITERPlasmaHeatingandCurrentDriveSystems 78
6 Plasma–WallInteraction 81
6.1 SurfaceErosion 81
6.2 ImpurityRadiation 83
6.3 ImpurityControl 87
7 Magnetics 93
7.1 MagneticFieldsandForces 93
7.1.1 LongStraightConductors 93
7.1.2 CoaxialLoopConductors 95
Contents VII
7.1.3 IdealTorus 96
7.1.4 Solenoid 99
7.2 Conductors 101
7.2.1 NormalConductors 101
7.2.2 Superconductors 104
7.2.3 StabilityandQuenchProtection 105
7.3 TokamakMagnetSystems 107
7.3.1 PoloidalFieldCoils 107
7.3.2 ToroidalFieldCoils 110
7.3.3 CoilInteractions 112
7.4 StructuralDesignCriteria 114
7.5 ITERMagnetSystem 115
8 TransientElectromagnetics 119
8.1 Inductance 119
8.2 ElementaryElectricCircuitTheory 121
8.3 CoupledElectromagneticCircuits 123
8.4 TokamakTransientElectromagnetics 124
8.5 EnergyStorageSystems 125
8.5.1 InertialEnergyStorageandTransfer 126
8.5.2 CapacitiveEnergyStorageandTransfer 130
8.5.3 InductiveEnergyStorageandTransfer 130
9 InteractionofRadiationwithMatter 135
9.1 RadiationTransport 135
9.2 NeutronMultiplication 139
9.3 NuclearHeating 140
9.4 NeutronRadiationDamage 142
9.4.1 DisplacementandTransmutation 142
9.4.2 MaterialPropertyChanges 146
9.5 Radioactivity 151
9.6 RadiationShielding 155
10 PrimaryEnergyConversionandTritiumBreedingBlanket 159
10.1 TritiumBreeding 159
10.2 BlanketCoolantsandStructuralMaterials 166
10.3 HeatRemoval,Hydraulics,andStress 174
10.4 PlasmaFacingComponents 181
10.5 ITERBlanketTestModules 185
10.6 FissileProduction 187
10.7 TransmutationofNuclearWaste 190
11 TritiumandVacuum 193
11.1 VacuumSystem 193
11.1.1 VacuumPumping 193
VIII Contents
11.1.2 VacuumChamberTopology 197
11.2 TritiumFuelCycleProcessing 199
11.3 TritiumPermeation 202
11.4 TritiumRetentioninPlasma-FacingComponents 204
11.5 TritiumBreedingandInventory 207
12 FusionReactors 211
12.1 PlasmaPhysicsandEngineeringConstraints 211
12.1.1 Confinement 211
12.1.2 DensityLimit 213
12.1.3 BetaLimit 213
12.1.4 KinkStabilityLimit 214
12.1.5 StartupInductiveVolt-seconds 215
12.1.6 Non-InductiveCurrentDrive 216
12.1.7 BootstrapCurrent 216
12.1.8 ToroidalFieldMagnets 216
12.1.9 BlanketandShield 217
12.1.10 PlasmaFacingComponentHeatFluxes 218
12.1.10.1 HeatFluxes 218
12.1.10.2 StressLimits 218
12.1.10.3 TemperatureLimit 219
12.1.10.4 FatigueLimit 220
12.1.10.5 HeatFluxLimit 220
12.1.11 RadiationDamagetoPlasmaFacingComponents 220
12.2 InternationalTokamakProgram 221
12.3 TheInternationalThermonuclearExperimentalReactor(ITER) 221
12.4 FutureTokamakReactors 226
12.5 TokamakDemoReactor 229
12.6 TokamakNeutronSource 230
12.7 FutureStellaratorReactors 231
12.8 FutureSphericalTorusReactor 233
12.9 FutureReversedFieldPinchReactor 234
AppendixA:FrequentlyUsedPhysicalConstants 237
AppendixB:EnergyConversionFactors 239
AppendixC:EngineeringConversionFactors 241
Index 243
IX
Preface to the First Edition
Thepurposeofthisbookistoprovidethereaderwithabroadandcomprehensive
introductiontothemultidisciplinarysubjectofmagneticfusion.Thematerialisself-
contained in that each topic is developed from first principles to engineering
application. Relevant physical property data are included where appropriate. The
textevolvedfromlecturenotesforatwo-coursesequencethatisofferedtoadvanced
undergraduatesandfirst-yeargraduatestudentsatGeorgiaTech.
Anoverviewoftheprinciples,status,andprospectsformagneticfusionisgivenin
thefirst chapter.Basic propertiesof magneticallyconfined plasmasare developed
and applied to establish the principles of the major confinement concepts in
Chapters 2–4. The following two chapters deal with subjects involving in equal
measure plasma physics and technology – plasma heating and the plasma–wall
interaction. Major technological systems – magnets, energy storage and transfer,
blanket and shield, tritium and vacuum – and their underlying technologies are
treatedinChapters7–11.Thefinalchapterdealswiththesynthesisofthepreceding
materialinfusionreactordesign,emphasizingtheinteractionamongthevarious
physics and technology constraints. A summary of recent conceptual designs is
provided.
Thebookisintendedasatextforintroductorycoursesonmagneticfusionphysics
andtechnologyattheadvancedundergraduateorfirst-yeargraduatelevel.Itshould
alsoservetheneedsofpracticingengineersandscientistswhowishtoobtainabroad
introductiontothesubject.Thematerialisaccessibletoanyonewithabackground
equivalenttothatofanadvancedundergraduateinengineeringorphysics.
Thequestafterfusionpowerisexcitinganddemanding.Thescientific,technical,
andinstitutionalchallengesthatmustbemetwillrequirethededicationofthebest
mindsthatoursocietycanproduceformanyyearstocome.Buttheultimatereward
forsuccesswillbeenormous.
Atlanta,Georgia WestonM.Stacey,Jr.
January1984
Fusion:Second,CompletelyRevisedandEnlargededition.WestonM.Stacey
Copyright(cid:1)2010Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:978-3-527-40967-9
XI
Preface
A lot has happened in the quest for fusion power since the preface for the first
edition of this book was written 25 years ago. The achieved value of the plasma
confinement parameter has increased more than 10-fold, the radiation damage
limits of structural materials have been increased 20-fold, large superconducting
magnets have been operated at fields well in excess of 10 T, plasmas have been
heatedtothermonucleartemperatureswithnegativeionneutralbeamsandelectro-
magnetic wavesystems that didnot existat thattime, deuterium-tritiumplasmas
haveproducedmorethan10 MWoffusionpower,andthefirstexperimentalpower
reactor(ITER)isunderconstructionbyaninternationalteamrepresentingoverhalf
oftheworlds population. However,thequest forfusionpowerremains ‘‘exciting
and demanding’’ and still ‘‘will require the dedication of the best minds that our
societycanproduceformanyyearstocome’’.
Thepurposeof this second edition remains thesame –toprovide a broad and
comprehensive introduction to the multidisciplinary subject of magnetic confine-
mentfusion.Whilethefundamentalsremainthesame,thetreatmentofthevarious
plasmaphysicsandfusiontechnologytopicshasbeenupdatedtoreflectadvances
overthepastquartercenturyandtodescribethecurrentstateoftheart.
Thebookisstillintendedasatextforanintroductorycourseonthephysicsand
technology of magnetic confinement fusion at the advanced undergraduate or
first-year graduate level and as a self-study guide for practicing scientists and
engineerswhoareenteringthefield.Thematerialshouldbeaccessibletoanyone
withabackgroundequivalenttothatofanadvancedundergraduateinphysicsor
engineering.
Atlanta,Georgia WestonM.Stacey
May,2009
Fusion:Second,CompletelyRevisedandEnlargededition.WestonM.Stacey
Copyright(cid:1)2010Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:978-3-527-40967-9
