Fungi as Bioremediators

481 Pages·2013·3.92 MB·English

by  Babak Pakdaman Sardrood

Soil Biology
Volume 32
Series Editor
Ajit Varma, Amity Institute of Microbial Technology,
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, India
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/5138
.
Ebrahim Mohammadi Goltapeh (cid:129)
Younes Rezaee Danesh (cid:129) Ajit Varma
Editors
Fungi as Bioremediators
Editors
EbrahimMohammadiGoltapeh YounesRezaeeDanesh
CollegeofAgriculture,Dept.ofPlant FacultyofAgriculture,DepPlantProtection
Pathology UrmiaUniversity
TarbiatModaresUniversity Urmia,Iran
Tehran,Iran
AjitVarma
AmityInstituteofMicrobialTechnology
AmityUniversityUttarPradesh
Noida,UttarPradesh
India
ISSN1613-3382
ISBN978-3-642-33810-6 ISBN978-3-642-33811-3(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-33811-3
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013930138
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
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Preface
Sinceearliestrecordedtimes,humanshavemanipulatedtheirsurroundingsinorder
toextractandexploitresources.Inthemodernera,resourceextraction,processing,
and utilization have increased tremendously. Several kinds of waste materials are
produced, in which most of them are now classified as hazardous. While the side
effects of industrial development increased, nations are also experiencing soil,
groundwater, as well as surface water contamination. Many of the contaminants
haveanimmediatethreattopublichealthandenvironment.Unfortunately,thereis
nostandardinstructionthatcouldbeappliedinremediationofacontaminatedsite,
becauseeachsitehasitsowndistinctfeature,whichwillvaryintermsoftoxicity,
volatility,mobility,andsoon.
Regardingtotheseconsiderations,contaminants’behaviorshouldbedetermined
in order to removing them efficiently with minimum damage to the site. The
purposeofsoilremediationisnotonlytoenhancethedegradation,transformation,
ordetoxificationofpollutantsbutalsotoprotectthequalityandcapacityofthesoil
tofunctionwithinecosystemboundaries,tomaintainenvironmentalquality,andto
sustain biological productivity. It is difficult to evaluate this market with any
specificity, but the international market for remediation is estimated to be around
US$25–30billion.Itischallengingtoestablishsuchestimates,asmanycountries
havenotundertakencomprehensiveidentificationofcontaminatedsites.TheUSA,
Canada, Western Europe, Japan, and Australia are considered to be the dominant
international markets for remediation, with an established presence of a large
numberofenvironmentalcompanies,products,andservices.Emergingeconomies
of some more developed Asian, Eastern European, and Latin American countries
willrepresentsignificantmedium-termremedialmarketopportunities.
Thereareseveraldifferentremediationstrategiesusedaroundtheworldtotreatsoil
contaminated with toxic metals and/or organic chemicals. Three widely used
strategiesare(1)immobilizationorretentionoftoxicantswithinaconfinedarea,(2)
removal of contaminants from the soil, (3) destruction of organic pollutants by
chemical, physical, or biological means. These strategies either individually or in
combination with each other have been routinely implemented by the remediation
industrytosuccessfullytreatcontaminatedsoil.Biologicalremediationtechnologies
v
vi Preface
requireknowledgeofinterdisciplinarysciences,involvingmicrobiology,chemistry,
hydrogeology,engineering,soilandplantsciences,geology,andecology.Biological
processesaretypicallyimplementedatarelativelylowcost,andbiologicalremedia-
tion methods have been successfully used to treat polluted soils, oily sludges, and
groundwatercontaminatedbypetroleumhydrocarbons,solvents,pesticides,andother
chemicals.
Bioremediation started over 50 years ago with research examining the fate of
pesticides in agricultural soils. Scientists began to use fungi and bacteria for the
degradation of xenobiotic organic compounds toward the middle of the twentieth
century. The use of bacteria showed fast and promising results, but research on
evaluatingfungihaslaggedbehind.Thisdoesnotmeanthatfungiarenotsuitable
organisms or that they function less satisfactorily than bacteria in degrading such
compounds.Theparticipationoffungiinbioremediationisnowwellestablishedin
all ecosystems. Mycoremediation is one of the most complex areas in applied
remediationengineering.Duringthepasttwodecades,manyfungalscientistsand
engineershavewantedtotryusingfungiinthedegradationoforganiccompounds,
andforthosewhodidtryusingthem,goodresultswereobtained.Thediscoveryof
thevalueofwhite-rotfungiinbioremediationhasbroughtgreatersuccessandhas
thus stimulated research throughout the world. A new era in the use of fungal
technologiesforthedegradationoforganiccompoundshasbegun.Thus,theneed
hasarisenforabookthatdiscussestheuniqueroleoffungiinbioremediation.
Theprimeobjectiveofthisbookistohighlightthepotentialoffilamentousfungi
in bioremediation and to discuss the physiology, chemistry, and biochemistry of
organicandinorganicpollutanttransformations.Thechaptersarewrittenbylead-
ing international authorities in their fields and represent the latest and most com-
plete synthesis of this subject area. The state of the science described here
represents pioneer work that focuses on the new and exciting field of
mycoremediation. The bookcontains elements fromall scientific andengineering
disciplines known globally and lays a strong foundation in the subject that will
serve to connect knowledge developed in both the twentieth and twenty-first
centuries. The book is encyclopedic in scope and presents various types of fungi
and the associated fungal processes used to clean up wastes and wastewaters in
contaminatedenvironments.Thebookcoversaspectsrelatedtodegradativefungi,
biochemistry, enzymology, reactor engineering, genetic engineering, ecology of
biodegradation, and practical applications. The knowledge flows broadly from
fundamentaltopracticalaspects,makingitusefultolearnandapplybioremediation
holistically. The book not only contains an interwoven synthesis and historical
perspective of the technology but also provides “slow-release nutrition” for
inventions and new frontiers for future research. The latest advances in genetic
engineering and molecular biotechnologies that will be useful for the creation of
suitable fungi capable of faster detoxification of these compounds are also
described.
Thebookisintendedtoreachawideaudience,includingmanagersandleaders
in research and the practice of mycoremediation, and should be very useful as a
reference tool for practicing engineers, scientists, waste site managers, and
Preface vii
regulatoryexperts.Itwillalsoprovideusefulinformationforexpertsinalliedfields,
suchasbotany,mycology,geology,ecology,fungalbiochemistry,genetics,enzy-
mology, metabolic engineering, environmental microbiology, and biotechnology.
Thisshouldbealeadingsourceforgraduateandundergraduatestudentsinterested
in understanding the capacities and processes of fungal biodegradation. Graduate
students can conduct experiments or research in the laboratory or apply fungi in
bioremediation at contaminated sites without seeking special guidance. The work
willalsoserveasahandbookforthecreation ofnewdesignsandcomponentsfor
mycoremediationprocesses.
The book will stimulate thought and greater research in the wider context of
mycoremediation processes in the coming decades. Hazardous wastes and
wastewaters constitute aproblem ofmodern civilization thatwillnotgo away for
centuries. New wastes and wastewaters are being generated every year with our
growingindustrialization.Adaywillcomewhenfungiwillplayagreaterroleinthe
transformation and detoxification of hazardous wastes and wastewaters than at
present.
Experts in the area of environmental microbiology, biotechnology, and biore-
mediation,fromdiverseinstitutionsworldwide,havecontributedtothisbook.We
wouldliketoexpressoursincereappreciationtoeachcontributorforhis/herwork
and for their patience and attention to detail during the entire production process.
We sincerely hope these eminent contributors will encourage us in the future as
well,inthegreatestinterestofacademia.
The editors would like to thank Dr. Ashok K Chauhan (Founder President,
Ritnand Balved Education Foundation), Sri Atul Chauhan (Chancellor, Amity
UniversityUttarPradesh),andSriAseemChauhan(Chancellor,AmityUniversity
Rajasthan) for their encouragement and inspiration. We are extremely grateful to
the staff members of Springer Heidelberg, especially Hanna Hensler-Fritton
andJutta Lindenborn,fortheircontinuedinterest,criticalevaluation,constructive
criticism, and support. We wish to acknowledge the help and support given to us
by our faculty colleagues, family members, and friends for their constant encour-
agement.SpecialthanksareduetoourPh.D.studentMs.RuchikaBajajfordayto
daymonitoringtheprogressofthebookandwillinghelpingme.
Tehran,Iran EbrahimM.Goltapeh
Urmia,Iran YounesR.Danesh
Noida,UttarPradesh,India AjitVarma
.
Contents
PartI EcophysiologyofFungalBioremediation
1 AnIntroductiontoBioremediation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
BabakPakdamanSardrood,EbrahimMohammadiGoltapeh,
andAjitVarma
2 TheBioremediationPotentialofDifferentEcophysiological
GroupsofFungi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
AntonellaAnastasi,ValeriaTigini,andGiovannaCristinaVarese
3 FungalWoodDecayProcessesasaBasisforBioremediation. . . . . 51
BarbaraPisˇkur,MihaHumar,AjdaUlcˇnik,DusˇanJurc,
andFrancPohleven
PartII ApplicationofMycoremediationAgainstOrganicPollutants
4 MycoremediationofPaper,PulpandCardboardIndustrial
WastesandPollutants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
ShwetaKulshreshtha,NupurMathur,andPradeepBhatnagar
5 DegradationofPetroleumPollutantMaterialsbyFungi. . . . . . . .. 117
EriHaraandHirooUchiyama
6 BioremediationofOrganicPollutantsUsingPhanerochaete
chrysosporium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
M.H.Fulekar,BhawanaPathak,JyotiFulekar,andTanviGodambe
7 BioremediationofPAH-ContaminatedSoilbyFungi. . . . . . . . . . . 159
IrmaSusanaMorelli,MarioCarlosNazarenoSaparrat,Mar´ıaTeresaDel
Panno,BibianaMarinaCoppotelli,andAnge´licaArrambari
ix
x Contents
8 SequentialSoilVaporExtractionandBioremediationProcesses
AppliedtoBTEX-ContaminatedSoils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 181
Anto´nioAlvesSoares,Jose´ Toma´sAlbergaria,ValentinaF.Domingues,
PaoloDeMarco,andCristinaDelerue-Matos
9 BiologicalRemediationofPetroleumHydrocarbonsinSoil:
SuitabilityofDifferentTechnologiesAppliedinMesocosm
andMicrocosmTrials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
M.Nazare´ F.Couto,M.ClaraP.Basto,andM.TeresaS.D.Vasconcelos
10 PesticidesRemovalUsingActinomycetesandPlants. . . . . . . . . . . 227
Anal´ıaAlvarez,Mar´ıaS.Fuentes,ClaudiaS.Benimeli,
SergioA.Cuozzo,JulianaM.Saez,andMar´ıaJ.Amoroso
PartIII MycoremediationofInorganicPollutants
11 MycoremediationofHeavyMetals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
YounesRezaeeDanesh,MehdiTajbakhsh,EbrahimMohammadi
Goltapeh,andAjitVarma
12 MycorrhizaeAdsorbandBioaccumulateHeavyandRadioactive
Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
HassanZare-Maivan
PartIV Mycoremediation:AgriculturalandForestEcosystem
Sustainability
13 UpscalingtheBiogeochemicalRoleofArbuscularMycorrhizal
FungiinMetalMobility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
A.Neagoe,VirgilIordache,andErikaKothe
14 FungiandTheirRoleinPhytoremediationofHeavy
Metal-ContaminatedSoils. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
MozhganSepehri,HabibKhodaverdiloo,andMehdiZarei
15 SustainableAgricultureinSaline-AridandSemiaridbyUse
PotentialofAMFungionMitigatesNaClEffects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
MohammadJavadZarea,EbrahimMohammadiGoltapeh,
NasrinKarimi,andAjitVarma
16 White-RotFungiinBioremediation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
SafiyeElifKorcan,I˙brahimHakkıCig˘erci,andMuhsinKonuk
PartV TechniquesinMycoremediation
17 EffectofMobilisingAgentsonMycoremediationofSoils
ContaminatedbyHydrophobicPersistentPollutants. . . . . . . . . . . 393
AlessandroD’Annibale,ErmannoFederici,andMaurizioPetruccioli