Table Of Content

Science,TechnologyandMedicineinModernHistory GeneralEditor:JohnV.Pickstone,CentrefortheHistoryofScience,TechnologyandMedicine,University ofManchester,England(http://chstm.manchester.ac.uk) Onepurposeofhistoricalwritingistoilluminatethepresent.Atthestartofthethirdmillennium,science, technologyandmedicineareenormouslyimportant,yettheirdevelopmentislittlestudied. Thereasonsforthisfailureareasobviousastheyareregrettable.Educationinmanycountries,notleastin Britain,drawsdeepdivisionsbetweenthesciencesandthehumanities.Menandwomenwhohavebeen trainedinsciencehavetoooftenbeentrainedawayfromhistory,orfromanysustainedreflectiononhow societieswork.Thoseeducatedinhistoricalorsocialstudieshaveusuallylearnedsolittleofsciencethat theyremainthereaftersuspicious,overawedorboth. Suchadiagnosisisbynomeansnovel,norisitparticularlyoriginaltosuggestthatgoodhistoricalstudies ofsciencemaybepeculiarlyimportantforunderstandingourpresent.Indeedthisseriescouldbeseenas extendingresearchundertakenoverthelasthalf-century.Butmuchofthatworkhastreatedscience,tech- nologyandmedicineseparately;thisseriesaimstodrawthemtogether,partlybecausethethreeactivities havebecomeevermoreintertwined.Thisbreadthoffocusandthestressontherelationshipsofknowledge andpracticeareparticularlyappropriateinaserieswhichwillconcentrateonmodernhistoryandonindus- trialsocieties.Furthermore,whilemuchoftheexistinghistoricalscholarshipisonAmericantopics,this seriesaimstobeinternational,encouragingstudiesonEuropeanmaterial.Theintentionistopresentsci- ence,technologyandmedicineasaspectsofmodernculture,analysingtheireconomic,socialandpolitical aspects,butnotneglectingtheexpertcontentwhichtendstodistancethemfromotheraspectsofhistory. Thebookswillinvestigatetheusesandconsequencesoftechnicalknowledge,andhowitwasshapedwithin particulareconomic,socialandpoliticalstructures. Suchanalysesshouldcontributetodiscussionsofpresentdilemmasandtoassessmentsofpolicy.‘Sci- ence’nolongerappearstousasatriumphantagentofEnlightenment,breakingtheshacklesoftradition, enablingcommandovernature.Butneitherisittobeseenasmerelyoppressiveanddangerous.Judgement requiresinformationandcarefulanalysis,justasintelligentpolicy-makingrequiresacommunityofdis- coursebetweenmenandwomentrainedintechnicalspecialitiesandthosewhoarenot. Thisseriesisintendedtosupplyanalysisandtostimulatedebate.Opinionswillvarybetweenauthors;we claimonlythatthebooksarebasedonsearchinghistoricalstudyoftopicswhichareimportant,notleast becausetheycutacrossconventionalacademicboundaries.Theyshouldappealnotjusttohistorians,nor justtoscientists,engineersanddoctors,buttoallwhosharetheviewthatscience,technologyandmedicine arefartooimportanttobeleftoutofhistory. Titlesinclude: JulieAnderson,FrancisNearyandJohnV.Pickstone SURGEONS,MANUFACTURERSANDPATIENTS ATransatlanticHistoryofTotalHipReplacement RobertaE.Bivins ACUPUNCTURE,EXPERTISEANDCROSS-CULTURALMEDICINE LindaBryder WOMEN’SBODIESANDMEDICALSCIENCE AnInquiryintoCervicalCancer RogerCooter SURGERYANDSOCIETYINPEACEANDWAR OrthopaedicsandtheOrganizationofModernMedicine,1880–1948 CatherineCoxandHilaryMarland MIGRATION,HEALTHANDETHNICITYINTHEMODERNWORLD Jean-PaulGaudillièreandIlanaLöwy(editors) THEINVISIBLEINDUSTRIALIST ManufactureandtheConstructionofScientificKnowledge Jean-PaulGaudillièreandVolkerHess(editors) WAYSOFREGULATINGDRUGSINTHE19THAND20THCENTURIES ChristophGradmannandJonathanSimon(editors) EVALUATINGANDSTANDARDIZINGTHERAPEUTICAGENTS,1890–1950 AyaHomeiandMichaelWorboys FUNGALDISEASEINBRITAINANDTHEUNITEDSTATES1850–2000 MycosesandModernity SarahG.Mars THEPOLITICSOFADDICTION MedicalConflictandDrugDependenceinEnglandsincethe1960s AlexMoldandVirginiaBerridge VOLUNTARYACTIONANDILLEGALDRUGS HealthandSocietyinBritainsincethe1960s AyeshaNathoo HEARTSEXPOSED TransplantsandtheMediain1960sBritain Cay-RüdigerPrüll,Andreas-HolgerMaehleandRobertFrancisHalliwell ASHORTHISTORYOFTHEDRUGRECEPTORCONCEPT ThomasSchlich SURGERY,SCIENCEANDINDUSTRY ARevolutioninFractureCare,1950s–1990s EveSeguin(editor) INFECTIOUSPROCESSES Knowledge,DiscourseandthePoliticsofPrions CrosbieSmithandJonAgar(editors) MAKINGSPACEFORSCIENCE TerritorialThemesintheShapingofKnowledge StephanieJ.Snow OPERATIONSWITHOUTPAIN ThePracticeandScienceofAnaesthesiainVictorianBritain CarstenTimmermann AHISTORYOFLUNGCANCER TheRecalcitrantDisease CarstenTimmermannandJulieAnderson(editors) DEVICESANDDESIGNS MedicalTechnologiesinHistoricalPerspective CarstenTimmermannandElizabethToon(editors) CANCERPATIENTS,CANCERPATHWAYS HistoricalandSociologicalPerspectives JonathanToms MENTALHYGIENEANDPSYCHIATRYINMODERNBRITAIN DuncanWilson TISSUECULTUREINSCIENCEANDSOCIETY ThePublicLifeofaBiologicalTechniqueinTwentiethCenturyBritain Science,TechnologyandMedicineinModernHistory SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–333–71492–8hardcover SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–333–80340–0paperback (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastandingorder.Pleasecontact yourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress,the titleoftheseriesandoneoftheISBNsquotedabove. CustomerServicesDepartment,MacmillanDistributionLtd,Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG21 6XS,England Fungal Disease in Britain and the United States 1850–2000 Mycoses and Modernity Aya Homei WellcomeTrustFellow,UniversityofManchester and Michael Worboys ProfessoroftheHistoryofScience,TechnologyandMedicine,CentrefortheHistoryof Science,TechnologyandMedicine,UniversityofManchester Exceptwhereotherwisenoted,thisworkislicensedundera CreativeCommonsAttribution3.0UnportedLicense.Toview acopyofthislicense,visithttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ ©AyaHomeiandMichaelWorboys2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-37701-2 Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Openaccess: Exceptwhereotherwisenoted,thisworkislicensedunder aCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0UnportedLicense.To viewacopyofthislicense,visithttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Firstpublished2013by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. E-PDFISBN9781137377029 PaperbackISBN9781137392633 ISBN 978-1-137-39263-3 ISBN 978-1-137-37702-9 (eBook) DOI10.1057/9781137377029 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. For Carsten and Carole This page intentionally left blank Contents ListofFiguresandTables viii Acknowledgements x ListofAbbreviations xii Introduction 1 1 Ringworm:ADiseaseofSchoolsandMassSchooling 17 2 Athlete’sFoot:ADiseaseofFitnessandHygiene 43 3 Candida:ADiseaseofAntibiotics 67 4 EndemicMycosesandAllergies:DiseasesofSocialChange 98 5 Aspergillosis:ADiseaseofModernTechnology 118 Conclusion 137 Notes 142 Bibliography 183 Index 216 vii Figures and Tables Figures 1.1and1.2 PhotographsofX-raydepilationtreatmentof ringwormofthescalp.BritishMedicalJournal, 1905,ii:14 33 1.3 X-rayapparatus.Suitablefortreatmentof ringwormandothercutaneousaffections 35 1.4 Radiotherapyroomforringworm.1905 36 2.1 ‘ABSORBINEJR.’Athlete’sfootadvertisement, Life,3(7)16August1937,81 50 4.1 Distributionofhistoplasmosis,blastomycosisand coccidioidomycosisinNorthAmerica.The histoplasmosisareasareshowninblack,the blastomycosisascirclesandthe coccidioidomycosisareasastriangles.Smith, D.T.,‘Thediagnosisandtherapyofmycotic infections’,BullNYAcadMed,1953,29(10):778 102 4.2 Thegeographicdistributionof coccidioidomycosis.Cross-hatchingindicatesthe heavilydisease-endemicarea,singlehatchingand themoderatelydisease-endemicarea.Kirkland, T.N.andFierer,J.,‘Coccidioidomycosis:A reemerginginfectiousdisease’,EmergInfectDis [serialontheInternet].1996,Sep 106 5.1 Incidenceoffungalinfections(including aspergillosis)foundatautopsyattheJohns HopkinsHospital,1941–1963.Asper,S.P.and Heffernan,A.G.A.,‘Insidiousfungaldisease’, TransAmClinClimatolAssoc,1965,76:101 128 viii ListofFiguresandTables ix Tables 1.1 CasesofringworminEnglandandWalestreatedbyX-ray orothermethods,1933 41 3.1 Treatmentofchroniccandidiasis 91 5.1 Incidenceofinvasiveaspergillosisaccordingto underlyingcondition 135

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