Funeral Customs: Their Origin and Development

227 Pages·1990·0.88 MB·English

by  Bertram S. Puckle

FUNERAL CUSTOMS
THEIR ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT
BY
BERTRAM S. PUCKLE
LONDON
T. WERNER LAURIE LTD.
30 NEW BRIDGE STREET, E.C. 4
ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN 1926
Funeral Customs By Bertram S. Puckle.
This web edition created and published by Global Grey 2013.
www.globalgrey.co.uk
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER I.THE PROVISIONS OF NATURE
CHAPTER II.DEATH WARNINGS--WHEN DOES DEATH TAKE PLACE?
CHAPTER III.PREPARATION FOR BURIAL, COFFINS, "GRAVE-GOODS," SUTTEE
CHAPTER IV.WAKES, MUTES, WAILERS, SIN-EATING, TOTEMISM, DEATH-TAXES
CHAPTER V.BELLS, MOURNING
CHAPTER VI.FUNERAL FEASTS AND PROCESSIONS
CHAPTER VII.EARLY BURIAL-PLACES
CHAPTER VIII.CHURCHYARDS, CEMETERIES, ORIENTATION AND OTHER BURIAL
CUSTOMS
CHAPTER IX.TREES, FLOWERS, BODY-SNATCHING
CHAPTER X.PLAGUE
CHAPTER XI.STATE AND PUBLIC FUNERALS
CHAPTER XII.CREMATION, EMBALMING
CHAPTER XIII.IN MEMORIAM
CHAPTER XIV.MEMORIALS, EPITAPHS, RINGS AND MOURNING CARDS
Funeral Customs By Bertram S. Puckle
FOREWORD
AN exhaustive treatise on funeral customs, ancient and
modern, has yet to be written.
Leaving to the theologian and philosopher the thankless
task of assigning the mystery of death its proper place and
functions in the scheme of creation, the writer has confined
himself to a general survey of those practices which
surround the physical fact of death, a subject which is as
immense as it is fascinating.
Whilst investigation shows that almost all our present
usages have their origin in stupid pagan superstitions, they
have none the less an interest of their own to record.
It is a wholesome sign that a more enlightened public is
slowly releasing death from much of its ugly trappings, for--
"Death, beautiful in itself, is only made terrible by groans
and convulsions and a discoloured face, and friends
weeping and blacks and obsequies." So wrote Bacon three
hundred years ago in his "Essay on Death." "But above all,
believe me," he concludes, "the sweetest canticle is Nunc
Dimittis."
BERTRAM S. PUCKLE.
RICHMOND,
August 30th, 1926.
Funeral Customs By Bertram S. Puckle
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
THE Author wishes to express his sincere thanks to many
friends who have helped him with this book. In particular,
he would mention the following public bodies, firms and
individuals who have lent pictures for reproduction:
Messrs. J.D. Field & Son (for some particularly interesting
material, including the 1824 funeral cost account), Messrs.
J. Lyons & Co. Ltd., Messrs. Odhams Press Ltd., the
Trustees of the British Museum, the Cremation Society of
England, Mr. Emery Walker, Mr. John Tussaud, Mr. W. R.
Leech, Mr. W. Edgel, Mr. Francis J. Bigger and Mr. Edward
Good.
Funeral Customs By Bertram S. Puckle
CHAPTER I.THE PROVISIONS OF NATURE
IN the animal kingdom a dead body arouses no feelings of
fear or repulsion. In most cases it is looked upon as a
generous gift of Nature, of which the fullest advantage is to
be taken, or the opportunity lost to competition.
It is difficult to appreciate how vast a number of birds,
beasts and insects inhabit the fields and woods, and we
may well ask ourselves the question "What becomes of their
dead?" In a day's search we may not find among all the
teaming wild population a single stiffened body, or one
bright eye glazed in death. Here in a clearing we may have
chanced upon some blood-stained grass, and a few
scattered feathers, which gave evidence of the hawk or
carrion crow, but this is very far from accounting for
anything like the greater proportion of the short-lived race.
Has Nature, then, her undertaker? Certainly she has. He is
appropriately known as the Necrophorus mortuorum, or
more popularly as the sexton beetle, for he is equipped with
spade and all that is necessary for "undertaking."
There is much that the human variety might learn from this
humble and industrious insect. Whilst he is dressed in a
conventional garb of black, he seeks to enliven matters by
means of two broad bands of yellow on his back. He is
cheery, and when his duties are over for the day he
indulges in a little music, not perhaps entirely a matter of
art for art's sake, but like most joyous notes of nature, his
immediate object is to attract the attention of the opposite
sex.
In praising the Necrophorus mortuorum, we must admit
that in his work he is not actuated by motives of
disinterested philanthropy any more than is the case with
the human undertaker.
Nature is indeed far too wise to entrust any important work
to the spasmodic efforts of the well-intentioned. If she
wants a job done thoroughly, she does not grudge a
reasonable wage for services rendered.
If during our lives we are often able to disguise from
ourselves that we are but superior animals, the disabilities
of birth and death bring the fact unmistakably before us.
The helplessness of a new-born babe is proverbial, but
Nature has provided it with the means of making its urgent
necessities unmistakably apparent, and she has not been
less considerate to the corpse.
We must not be shocked to hear that it is by means of the
olfactory organ that the sexton beetle is made aware of the
proximity of a new "client." Once having sensed a job, he
communicates the good news to his wife, and together they
fly off to the house of mourning by the shortest possible
route--for competition is keen.
Arrived at the spot, they find the corpse to be that of a
recently deceased mouse.
"Having feasted," other helpers having also arrived, the
male beetle proceeds to excavate around the body, till by a
process of gradual undermining it sinks into a considerable
hollow, thus prepared for its reception.
The work is finished by piling the earth neatly on the top.
For the purpose of excavation Nature has provided the
sexton beetle with club-shaped antennae, which are
supported by strong muscles equal to the work that they
are called upon to perform. It should be stated that Mrs.
Beetle remains in possession of the body in which her eggs
are laid. Surely this is a sanitary and logical conclusion to a
commonplace event, in which everybody concerned is paid
off and satisfied.
It teaches a lesson that burial is a natural method of
disposing of the dead, and it gives more than a hint, that
believe what we will of the prospects of a future life, death
is only a rather misleading term for a changed, by no means
an impaired, activity.
It will be self-evident that in dealing with the larger
animals, such as bears, lions, etc., the sexton beetle,
however numerous and industrious be his kind, would be
sorely taxed if he received a call from a client. We must not,
however, under-rate the extraordinary power of the insect
world when working together with a common objective.
In the jungle the greater feeds on the lesser, and the jackal
and vulture scavenge what remains.
The busy workers living in organized communities deal with
their dead on lines more akin to human necessities. Their
own dead, or a chance intruder into the ant-hill city, will be
treated with system and dispatch, and the body removed
long before it has any opportunity to prove offensive or
dangerous to the community.
The ants, being carniverous, will quickly devour any beasts
or insects which may die near their nests, and if anything
uneatable remains, a squad of workers will be summoned at
once to remove the offence to some more convenient place.
The bee, having no use to make of the body, has but one
idea, and that is to expel the corpse, or so deal with it that
the carefully regulated atmosphere of the hive shall not
suffer from the presence of any poisonous fumes.
The workers of their community who are set apart for
scavenging purposes, will soon eject a body by shouldering
or pushing it out of the hive. If the intruder be a slug or
snail, it may happen that it has climbed into such a position
that its bulk will render it impossible for the bees to deal
with it in the ordinary manner. In such a case the unhappy
adventurer is quickly walled up with wax in the position in
which he is found, and the tomb hermetically sealed past all
fear of any harm to the city.
At exactly what period superstition affected death and
burial, it is of course impossible to say. Perhaps it was
taught to man by the sigh of the wind in the trees, or the
dramatic terrors of the thunderstorm--however it came
about, we know that the possibility of a spirit world was an
early consideration.
The valiant hunter, undismayed by fierce encounters with
wild beasts and his own kind, learned to crouch and shiver
at the shadows, or, having slain his adversary, he fled from
the accusing eye and hid from the avenging spirit. Even to-
day, amongst savage tribes, it is quite common to find the
shadow of a man attacked by the witch-doctor, in the belief
that it is the soul.
We may well suppose that in such matters a very long time
would elapse before anything concrete enough to be called
a religion took possession of man's mind. Asked by a
missionary what were the gods he worshipped, a savage
replied: "We know that someone walks amongst the trees at
night--but we never mention it."
This is probably the state of mind of the early inhabitants of
the earth.
With a belief in good and evil spirits inhabiting material
things, we can at once trace this influence in funeral
customs, for there is hardly a practice which has not had its
origin in the old dread of haunting and revengeful ghosts.
When the next stage is reached--a belief in a general
participation in a future life--a whole range of interesting
happenings develop.
These are the foundation stones upon which our present
day usages are built, varying in accordance with all sorts of
minor considerations, such as climatic environment, etc.
Belief in a future state presupposed a material existence
after death, with corresponding material necessities. Food
must be provided, weapons and clothing, and a supply of
charms with which to ward off those evil influences which
the soul might expect to encounter on its journey.
Special provision would be made for those of rank-wives
and servants for the chief, and a horse and attendant for
the warrior and hunter.
This early attitude of mind was based on the supposition
that death would surely bring with it that completeness of
desire too often unsatisfied during the earthly existence.
That the ultimate state was one of happiness, seems to have
been generally taken for granted. Can we say that the
symbols used by a past generation as expressions of a state
of bliss--such as crowns, harps, streets paved with gold and
gates of pearl--have not often enough been accepted
literally, and on no higher lever than the "Happy Hunting
Ground" of the American Indian?
Amongst these materialistic views we may place the idea of
death as an endless sleep or physical rest, too long denied
to tired laborious lives.
We shall have evidence enough that a literal acceptance of
this figure of physical rest and sleep in the grave
represents the real aspirations of a number of people to-
day, as in a past generation.
Thus we find a conception of the soul linked in various ways
to earthly associations.
Loosed from the body, it was once supposed that the spirit
quickly returned to its old surroundings, gifted with many
supernatural powers, against which the living were unable
to conceal their thoughts.
It is indeed a sad insight into the human conscience to
discover what elaborate precautions were considered
necessary in order to avoid the persecutions of the
revengeful dead.