Table Of ContentZheng Qin · Huidi Zhang
Xin Qin · Kaiping Xu
Kouemo Ngayo Anatoli Dimitrov
Guolong Wang · Wenhui Yu
Fundamentals
of Software
Culture
Fundamentals of Software Culture
Zheng Qin Huidi Zhang Xin Qin
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Kaiping Xu Kouemo Ngayo Anatoli Dimitrov
(cid:129)
Guolong Wang Wenhui Yu
(cid:129)
Fundamentals of Software
Culture
123
Zheng Qin Kouemo NgayoAnatoli Dimitrov
Schoolof Software Schoolof Software
TsinghuaUniversity TsinghuaUniversity
Beijing,China Beijing,China
HuidiZhang Guolong Wang
Schoolof Software Schoolof Software
TsinghuaUniversity TsinghuaUniversity
Beijing,China Beijing,China
XinQin WenhuiYu
Schoolof Information Science Schoolof Software
andTechnology TsinghuaUniversity
ShanghaiUniversity of Science Beijing,China
andTechnology
Shanghai, China
KaipingXu
Schoolof Software
TsinghuaUniversity
Beijing,China
ISBN978-981-13-0700-3 ISBN978-981-13-0701-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0701-0
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Preface
In human history, after the fast-paced development of science during industrial
civilizationera,wehavebeenthroughthreeimportantscientificrevolutions,eachof
which brought about abundant fruits and new products. These new achievements
acceleratedourcivilizingprocess.Itiseasytoconcludefromthepastthousandsof
years’historythatbyinteractingandinterferingwitheachother,scienceandculture
manifest a power driving the wheels of history to the future.
Culture is, in the words of E. B. Tylor, “that complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits
acquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”CambridgeEnglishDictionarystatesthat
culture is, “the way of life, especially the general customs and beliefs, of a par-
ticular group of people at a given time.” Terror Management Theory posits that
cultureisaseriesofactivitiesandworldviewsthatprovidehumanswiththeillusion
of being individuals of value in a world meaning-raising themselves above the
merelyphysicalaspectsofexistence,inordertodenytheanimalinsignificanceand
deaththatHomoSapiensbecameawareofwhentheyacquiredalargerbrain.Asa
defining aspect of what it means to be a human, culture is a central concept in
anthropology, encompassing the range of phenomena that get transmitted through
social learning in human societies. In Chinese, culture is a word consisted of two
characters, Wen and Hua. Wen indicates images and textures with crossing colors
while Hua means changes and reforms. The earliest literature recording Wen and
Hua put together and used as one word was Zhouyi Bagua: Look at the stars, and
seethechangestakingplace;lookatthepeople,andseetheworld.Whatwereferto
culture today is usually knowledge and experience accumulated during the evolu-
tion of man.
Asanemergingindustry,softwareindustrydevelopedrapidlyinthepastdecade,
under the background of global information technology. People’s life is under-
taking tremendous changes not only in their working and living but also in the
patternofthinking.Theintegrationofsoftwareintocivillifefosteredanewcultural
form, which evolves with the development of software. We name this culture, the
culture of software.
v
vi Preface
Some people regard culture as a uniting bond and spirit of a nation. The five
thousand years’ experience in China indicates that politics and economics insepa-
rably associated with culture enhance social productivity and promote social pro-
gress.Tostandoutamongallcountrieswhenscientificinnovationsaretakingplace
globally, we mainly need to learn from the transforming new culture.
Thisbooktakescreditfromtheviewofscienceandtechnologydevelopment.It
analyzedscientificinnovationsandthesocialareaspromotedfollowingthegrowth
of technology. And according to the fact that information helps to build human
culturalform,weproposedtheconceptandresearchingmethodofsoftwareculture.
The aimofwritingthisbook istostrengthen theconnection betweensoftwareand
culture, to replenish knowledge system in the subject of software engineering, and
to establish a new area of study that is the culture of software.
Starting from our first calculation and going through the entire history of the
growth of computer and software, we introduce categories and utilizations of
software. Knowledge relevant to software culture is being revealed before the
readers’ very eyes, with full representative cases. Constituted of four chapters
respectively talking about the history of compute, development of software, clas-
sificationandsoftwareculture,andsoftwareapplications andsoftwareculture,this
book is valuable in the studying of software culture.
In order to help readers understand the software culture more comprehensively,
this book discusses software culture from three perspectives including historical
perspective (the first and second chapter), the range of software (the second
chapter),andsoftwareapplications(thefourthchapter).Asweallknown,different
histories produce different cultures, thus, the first two chapters lay the history
foundation of the whole book. Then, the third chapter discusses the width of
software culture on the aspect of software classification. Finally, from the per-
spectiveofapplications,theinfluenceofsoftwarecultureonsocietyisdiscussedin
fourth chapter.
This book shall be used as a guidebook for university courses or as a reference
book for researchers and other learners. As the first domestic book involves soft-
wareculture,theauthortrieshisbesttoprovideasystematicandaccurateworkfor
readers. Considering the limits of resources and human power, we might have
committed mistakes in the book. We would be glad if readers help us correct the
mistakes.
Beijing, China Zheng Qin
Beijing, China Huidi Zhang
Shanghai, China Xin Qin
Beijing, China Kaiping Xu
Beijing, China Kouemo Ngayo Anatoli Dimitrov
Beijing, China Guolong Wang
Beijing, China Wenhui Yu
March 2017
Acknowledgements
Professor Qin Zheng determined and finalized the specific content and overall
structure.ZhangHuidiandQinXindidthefinalediting.ZhangHuidiwrotethefirst
chapter, Qin Xin the second chapter, Xu Kaiping and Wang Guolong, the third
chapter,andQinXinandYuWenhui,thefourthchapter.ZhangHuidiandKouemo
Ngayo Anatoli Dimitrov proofread the full text.
We would like to thank the people for their help and support for the successful
publication of the book. We are thankful for Liu Jianzhong, Zhu Haolong, and
Wang Qiaoqi of Shanghai University of Science and Technology who took part in
writingthefirstchapter,andparticularlythankfulforthecontributionofJianZhong
Liu.Ourthanksalso gotoZhaoXuhongofCentralChina NormalUniversitywho
tookpartinwritingthefirsttwosectionsofthesecondchapter.Thanksequallygo
toJingQiaonanofNanKaiUniversityandZhouWenhaoofGuangdongUniversity
of Foreign Studies who participated in writing the fourth chapter.
Besides, thanks also go to Huang Kai of Tsinghua University for proofreading
the first chapter, to Wang Binxu and Zhao Yanan of Tsinghua University for
proofreading the second chapter, to Li Jingwei, Ye Shuxiong of Tsinghua
University for proofreading the third chapter, and toHu Shaohan, Xu Tao and Liu
Jiqing of Tsinghua University for proofreading the fourth chapter.
WeacknowledgethesupportofSpringerandZhejiangUniversityPressshowed
towards the publishing of the book and also express thanks to the editors for their
hard work. The excellent job of these people, their endeavor, and collaborative
spirit were the measureless driving force in the process of writing the book.
vii
Contents
1 The History of Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 From History to Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 From Fingers to Computers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1 Early Calculation Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.2 The Mechanical Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.3 The First Generation (1946–1957): Age of Vacuum
Tubes Computers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 From Laboratory to Household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3.1 The Second Generation (1958–1964): Application
of Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3.2 The Third Generation (1965–1970): An Era for Small
and Medium-Scale Integrated Circuit Computers . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.3 The Fourth Generation (1971 and On): Application
of Large-Scale and Very Large-Scale Integrated
Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.4 Peripheral Devices of Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.4.1 Input Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.4.2 Output Device. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.5 The Influence of Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2 The Development of Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.1 Culture and Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2 The Definition of Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3 The Development of Program Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.3.1 The First Generation: Machine Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.3.2 The Second Generation: Assembly Language . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.3.3 The Third Generation: High-Level Programming
Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
ix
x Contents
2.3.4 The Fourth-Generation Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.3.5 The Fifth-Generation Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.4 The Development of Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.4.1 The First Stage of Software Development (1949–1959):
The Embryonic Stage of Software Products. . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.4.2 The Second Stage of Software Development
(1959–1969): The Birth of Software Products . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.4.3 The Third Stage of Software Development
(1969–1981): Independent Enterprise Solutions . . . . . . . . . 59
2.4.4 The Fourth Stage of Software Development
(1981–1994): Popsoft Era. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3 Classification and Software Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.1 Culture of Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.1.1 Culture of Developers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.1.2 Culture of Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.2 System Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.2.1 Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.2.2 Database System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.2.3 Driver Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.2.4 Developing Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.2.5 Program Compilation Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.3 Application Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.3.1 General Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.3.2 Specialized Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.3.3 Embedded Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4 Software Applications and Software Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.1 Relationship Between Software Applications and Software
Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.2 Applications in Traditional Industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.2.1 The Applying of Software in Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.2.2 The Applying of Software in Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.2.3 The Applying of Software in Medical Area. . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.2.4 The Applying of the Software in the Entertainment
Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4.2.5 The Applying of Software in the Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
4.2.6 The Applying of Software in the Mobile Industry . . . . . . . 167
Contents xi
4.3 Applications in Emerging Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
4.3.1 Applications on the Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.3.2 Applications in Scientific Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.3.3 Applications in New Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
4.3.4 Applications in the Internet of Things. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.3.5 Applications in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
