Table Of ContentFUNDAMENTALS OF
PHARMACOGNOSY
AND PHYTOTHERAPY
CommissioningEditor:PaulineGraham
DevelopmentEditor:FionaConn
ProjectManager:SruthiViswam
DesignDirection:CharlesGray
IllustrationManager:MerlynHarvey
FUNDAMENTALS OF
PHARMACOGNOSY
AND PHYTOTHERAPY
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
Michael Heinrich Dr rer nat habil MA(WSU) Dipl. Biol. FLS
ProfessorandHead,CentreforPharmacognosyandPhytotherapy,UCLSchoolofPharmacy,
UniversityofLondon,London,UK
Joanne Barnes BPharm PhD MRPharmS FLS
AssociateProfessorinHerbalMedicines,SchoolofPharmacy,UniversityofAuckland,Auckland,NewZealand
Simon Gibbons BSc PhD CChem CSci FRSC FLS
ProfessorofPhytochemistry,DepartmentofPharmaceuticalandBiologicalChemistry,
UCLSchoolofPharmacy,UniversityofLondon,London,UK
Elizabeth M. Williamson BSc(Pharm) PhD MRPharmS FLS
ProfessorofPharmacy,SchoolofPharmacy,UniversityofReading,UK
Foreword
A. Douglas Kinghorn BPharmMSc PhD DScFRPharmS FAAASFAAPS FLS FSP
ProfessorandJackL.BealChairofNaturalProductsChemistryandPharmacognosy,CollegeofPharmacy,
TheOhioStateUniversity,Columbus,Ohio,USA
Epilogue
J. David Phillipson DScPhD MSc BSc(Pharm) FRPharmS FLS
EmeritusProfessorofPharmacognosy,CentreforPharmacognosyandPhytotherapy,SchoolofPharmacy,
UniversityofLondon,London,UK
Illustrationsby
DebbieMaizels and Simon Gibbons
EDINBURGH LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PHILADELPHIA ST LOUIS SYDNEY TORONTO 2012
© 2012ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor
mechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,
withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further
informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuch
astheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe
Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Firstedition2004
Secondedition2012
ISBN978-0-7020-3388-9
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience
broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatment
maybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating
andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch
informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including
partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Withrespecttoanydrugorpharmaceuticalproductsidentified,readersareadvisedtocheckthemost
currentinformationprovided(i)onproceduresfeaturedor(ii)bythemanufacturerofeachproductto
beadministered,toverifytherecommendeddoseorformula,themethodanddurationof
administration,andcontraindications.Itistheresponsibilityofpractitioners,relyingontheirown
experienceandknowledgeoftheirpatients,tomakediagnoses,todeterminedosagesandthebest
treatmentforeachindividualpatient,andtotakeallappropriatesafetyprecautions.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume
anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,
negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas
containedinthematerialherein.
The
Publisher's
policy is to use
PrintedinChina paper manufactured
from sustainable forests
v
Contents
Foreword vii SECTION 3 NATURAL PRODUCT CHEMISTRY
A.DouglasKinghorn
Preface ix 6. Natural productchemistry 61
7. Methods innatural product chemistry 106
PART A FUNDAMENTALS OF
PHARMACOGNOSY 1 8. Anticancer naturalproducts 129
SECTION 1 PHYTOTHERAPY AND SECTION 4 PHARMACEUTICALS AND
PHARMACOGNOSY NUTRACEUTICALS DERIVED FROM PLANT
EXTRACTS
1. Importance ofplants inmodernpharmacy
and medicine 3 9. Production, standardization and quality
control 144
2. Pharmacognosy and its history:people,
plantsand naturalproducts 10 10. Toxicity ofherbalconstituents 162
11. What makes phytomedicines unique? 166
SECTION 2 BASIC PLANT BIOLOGY
SECTION 5 MEDICINAL PLANTS IN SELECTED
3. General principles ofbotany: morphology HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS
and systematics 25
4. Families yielding important 12. Traditionalsystems ofherbal medicine 175
phytopharmaceuticals 33
13. Complementary and Alternative medicine 189
5. Ethnobotany and ethnopharmacy 49
vi Contents
21. The musculoskeletalsystem 277
PART B IMPORTANT NATURAL PRODUCTS
AND PHYTOMEDICINES USED IN
PHARMACY AND MEDICINE 201 22. The skin 285
23. The eye 291
14. The gastrointestinal and biliary system 203
24. Ear,nose and orthopharynx 293
15. The cardiovascular system 219
25. Miscellaneous supportive therapies for stress,
16. The respiratorysystem 227 ageing, cancerand debility 296
17. The central nervoussystem 241
Epilogue – apersonal view 304
18. Infectiousdiseases 252 J.DavidPhillipson
19. The endocrinesystem 266 Index 311
20. The reproductive tract 274
vii
Foreword
Worldwide,drugsderivedfromorganismscontinue consumed ‘nonvitamin, nonmineral natural pro-
tobeimportantforthetreatmentandpreventionof ducts’,amountingtothesumof$14.8billion.There-
manydiseases.Pharmacognosy,whichisdefinedin fore, societal interest in pharmacognosy is likely to
thisbookas‘thescienceofbiogenicornature-derived increaseinthefutureasthebiochemicalroleofphy-
pharmaceuticals and poisons’, has been an estab- tomedicines, nutraceuticals and natural drugs in
lished basic pharmaceutical science that has been generalbecomesmoreclearlydefined.
taught in institutions of pharmacy education for Thissecondeditionofthisvolume,Fundamentalsof
about two centuries. This subject area has changed PharmacognosyandPhytotherapy,byMichaelHeinrich,
considerably since its initiation, having metamor- Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons and Elizabeth
phosed from a largely descriptive botanical and Williamson, aims to provide a contemporary and
mycologicalfieldinthelate19thandearly20thcentu- in-depthperspectiveofnaturalproduct drugsused
ries,tohavingmoreofachemicalandbiologicalfocus in the practice of pharmacy. The book is organized
withinthelast50yearsorso.Today,pharmacognosy intotwomajorparts,entitled‘Fundamentalsofphar-
embraces the scientific study of compounds from macognosy’(PartA)and‘Importantnaturalproducts
plants,animalsandmicrobes,ofbothterrestrialand andphytomedicinesusedinpharmacyandmedicine’
marineorigin,andhasevolvedrelativelyrecentlyto (PartB).PartAisdividedintofivesections,dealing,in
also include phytotherapy and nutraceuticals. The turn,with:thehistoryandimportanceofpharmacog-
teaching of pharmacognosy has become even more nosyand phytotherapyinpharmacyand medicine;
relevant than previously over the last decade, as a relevant principles of botany and ethnobotany; the
resultoftheincreasinguseofherbalremedies(phyto- chemistryofsecondarymetabolitesoforganismsper-
medicines)bythepublicinEurope,NorthAmerica tinenttodrugtherapy;thecharacterizationandstan-
and Australasia. When entering a pharmacy today dardization of phytomedicines and nutraceuticals;
itbecomesapparentthatconsiderableshelfspaceis andtheuseofmedicinalplantsinOrientalandSouth
devoted to a selection of ‘herbs’, to a degree which Asiansystemsof traditionalmedicine,aswellasin
wouldhavebeenquiteunimaginableeven20years Western complementary and alternative medicine.
ago.IftheUnitedStatesistakenasanexample,com- PartBprovidescoverageoftheuseofphytomedicines
munity pharmacists nowadays have to deal with a in various therapeutic categories, affecting, respec-
ratherbewilderingarrayofbotanical‘dietarysupple- tively: the gastrointestinal and biliary systems; the
ments’,manyofwhichwereintroducedsoonafterthe cardiovascular system; the respiratory system; the
passageoftheDietarySupplementHealthandEdu- centralnervoussystem;infectiousdiseases;theendo-
cationActof1994.InamajorNationalHealthInter- crine system; the reproductive and urinary tracts;
view Survey, commissioned by the Centers for the musculoskeletal system; the skin; the eyes; the
DiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC),itwasfound ear,noseandpharynx;andmiscellaneoussupportive
that in 2007 about 20% of the US adult population therapies.
viii Foreword
This comprehensive pharmacognosy textbook foruseincontinuingeducationcoursesbypharma-
integrates effectively the traditional elements of cists, dentists, nurses and physicians. In addition,
pharmacognosyandphytotherapy.Thefourtalented all those with a scientific interest in herbalism
co-authors have been successful in this endeavour and complementary and alternative medicine will
in large part because they have contributed their also find the content of value. The book will also
collectivetechnicalexpertiseinseveraldiverseareas, serve as a reliable source of information on natural
including ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology, product drugs for the informed lay reader. It is
classical botanical pharmacognosy, natural product predicted that Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and
chemistry, phytochemistry, phytotherapy and clini- Phytotherapy will soon become a classic in its field.
calpharmacy. This volume will be especially warmly welcomed
This book may be confidently recommended for by educators of future pharmacists and of other
purchase by undergraduate and professional doc- healthcare professionals.
toral students in pharmacy, as well as beginning
graduate students in programmes in the pharma- ProfessorA.DouglasKinghorn,
ceutical sciences. It will also be of great interest Columbus,Ohio
ix
Preface
In the last few decades pharmacognosy as an aca- accounts of alternative medicine systems such as
demicdiscipline,anditsapplicationinhealthcare, medicalherbalism,traditionalChineseandAyurve-
has changed almost beyond recognition. With the dicmedicine,aromatherapyandothers,andacom-
revival of interest in natural drugs, phytotherapy prehensive section on plant drugs arranged into
and herbal remedies, new courses are springing therapeuticcategories.Ourpurposeistoequipthe
up to educate students of pharmacy, medicine, studentwiththeknowledgetoevaluatethesethera-
medicalherbalism,nursingandrelatedprofessions. pies,usethemwhenlookingtodevelopdrugsand
Knowledge about plant-derived products is essen- herbalproducts,andwhenadvisingthepatientwho
tialinallareasofhealthcare,notonlybecausethese wishestotrythem.
forms of treatment are a popular and widely used Natural product-derived drugs also include
healthcare choice (often as over-the-counter pro- thoseproducedbybiotechnologyandfromanimal
ducts), but also because of the importance of them and microbial sources, but we considered that, as
inmanymedicaltraditions.Here,weaimtoprovide vast and important subjects in their own right, no
a modern, therapy-oriented perspective, as well as comprehensivecoveragewaspossibleinthistext.
an overview which any reader or educated lay- Chemical structures are included whenever
person will find interesting and useful. This book necessary andappropriate, and wehope to encou-
isnotaguidetotreatment,butatextbookpresenting rage students to appreciate the relevance of the
the scientific principles and the evidence, where information they impart. In this new edition, we
applicable, underpinning the use of herbal- and have increased the references and further reading
otherplant-derivedmedicines. material in each section, so the reader can delve
The content arose in part from the new lecture further into the subject, and consult the original
courses developed by the authors, and is intended workfromwhichourinformationwastaken.
tocoverallfundamentalaspectsofpharmacognosy Wethankallthosewhohavecontributedadvice,
(thestudyofdrugsofnaturalorigin)aswellasadd- suggestionsandsupport,includingourcolleagues,
ing topics on the therapeutic use of such drugs, andnotforgettingourfamiliesofcourse.
which is phytotherapy. There is no other book
which covers the subject of medicinal plants as an
important element of contemporary health care in MichaelHeinrich,Lismore(Australia)and
quitethiswayandwhichreflectsthecurrentpublic London(UK)
interest in natural health care. We have combined JoanneBarnes,Auckland(NewZealand)
sections on the scientific study of plant drugs – SimonGibbons,London(UK)
phytochemistry,ethnopharmacyandbotany–with ElizabethM.Williamson,Reading(UK)
