Fundamentals of operative techniques in neurosurgery

919 Pages·2010·20.021 MB·English

by  E. Sander Connolly, Guy M. McKhann II, Ricardo J Komotar, J Mocco, Asim F. Choudhri

Fundamentals of Operative
Techniques in Neurosurgery
Second Edition

Fundamentals of Operative
Techniques in Neurosurgery
Second Edition
E. Sander Connolly, Jr., MD Tanvir F. Choudhri, MD
Bennett M. Stein Professor and Co-Director, Neurosurgical Spine
Vice-Chairman for Clinical Affairs Program
Department of Neurological Surgery Assistant Professor of
Director, Cerebrovascular Research Neurosurgery
Laboratory Mount Sinai Medical Center
Surgical Director, Neuro-Intensive New York, New York
Care Unit
Columbia University Medical Center Ricardo J. Komotar, MD
New York, New York Chief Resident, Neurological Surgery
The Neurological Institute of
Guy M. McKhann, II, MD New York
Florence Irving Associate Professor Columbia University Medical Center
of Neurological Surgery New York, New York
Department of Neurological Surgery
Columbia University Medical Center J Mocco, MD, MS
New York, New York Assistant Professor of Neurosurgery
and Radiology
Judy Huang, MD Co-Director of Neurological Intensive
Associate Professor of Neurosurgery Care Unit
Johns Hopkins University School of Director of Neurosurgery Stroke
Medicine Research Laboratory
Associate Residency Program Director University of Florida Gainesville
Division of Cerebrovascular Gainesville, Florida
Neurosurgery
The Johns Hopkins Hospital
Vice Chair and Chief of
Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery
Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center
Baltimore, Maryland
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fundamentals of operative techniques in neurosurgery / edited by E. Sander Connolly Jr. ...
[et al.]. -- 2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-58890-500-0
1. Nervous system--Surgery. 2. Surgery, Operative. I. Connolly, E. Sander.
[DNLM: 1. Neurosurgical Procedures. WL 368 F981 2010]
RD593.F865 2010
617.4’8--dc22
2009053348

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Printed in Canada
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Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xix
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxi
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiii
I CRANIAL
Approaches
1 General Operating Room Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Anthony Louis D’Ambrosio
2 General Craniotomy Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Khan Li
3 Endoscopic Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
George Jallo
4 Frontal Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Judy Huang
5 Pterional Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Judy Huang
6 Orbitozygomatic Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
James Frazier and Judy Huang
7 Dolenc Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Charles J. Prestigiacomo
8 Superior Parietal Lobule Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Je(cid:806) rey N. Bruce
9 Convexity and Parasagittal Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Je(cid:806) rey N. Bruce
10 Transcallosal Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Michael B. Sisti
11 Subtemporal Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Christopher E. Mandigo and Je(cid:806) rey N. Bruce
12 Temporal Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Robert R. Goodman
13 Presigmoid Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
David Gordon and Chandranath Sen
14 Retrosigmoid Approach (Vestibular Schwannomas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Michael B. Sisti
15 Far Lateral Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
David Gordon and Chandranath Sen
16 Supracerebellar-Infratentorial Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Je(cid:806) rey N. Bruce
v
vi Contents
17 Occipital and Transtentorial Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Omar N. Syed, Ricardo J. Komotar, and Je(cid:806) rey N. Bruce
18 Transsphenoidal Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Edward R. Laws Jr., Paul T. Boulos, and John Jane Jr.
19 Reoperative Craniotomy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Kevin Walter
20 Trauma Flap/Hemicraniectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Gregory G. Heuer, Michael F. Stiefel, and Peter D. LeRoux
Vascular Lesions
21 Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Andrew L. Ko and Gavin W. Britz
22 Posterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Christopher C. Getch and H. Hunt Batjer
23 Ophthalmic Artery Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Brian L. Hoh and Christopher S. Ogilvy
24 Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Ian F. Dunn, Kevin Ju, and Robert M. Friedlander
25 Surgical Treatment of Vertebral Artery Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Ricardo J. Komotar, Maxwell B. Merkow, and Marc L. Otten
26 Basilar Artery Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Nader Sanai and Michael T. Lawton
27 Distal Berry and Nonberry Aneurysms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Howard A. Riina and Ilya Laufer
28 Surgical Treatment of Cortical Arteriovenous Malformations. . . . . . . . 138
Ricardo J. Komotar, Robert M. Starke, and Marc L. Otten
29 Subcortical Arteriovenous Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Jacques J. Morcos and Taro Kaibara
30 Surgical Treatment of Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas (Lateral Sinus). . . 149
Charles J. Prestigiacomo
31 Supratentorial Cavernous Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Jennifer Moliterno and Murat Gunel
32 Infratentorial Cavernous Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Michael L. DiLuna and Murat Gunel
33 Carotid Endarterectomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Eli M. Baron, Darric E. Baty, and Christopher M. Loftus
34 Superfi cial Temporal Artery—Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass . . . . . . . . 167
John A. Cowan Jr. and B. Gregory Thompson
35 Reversed Saphenous Vein Bypass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Marc L. Otten, Matthew C. Garrett, and Ricardo J. Komotar
36 Intracerebral Hematoma Evacuation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
J Mocco and E. Sander Connolly, Jr.
Contents vii
37 Minimally Invasive Surgery for Intracerebral Hemorrhage. . . . . . . . . . . 180
Chiraz Chaalala and Mario Zuccarello
Neoplastic Lesions
38 Convexity and Parasagittal Meningiomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Michael Lim
39 Foramen Magnum Meningiomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Michael Lim and James Frazier
40 Sphenoid Wing Meningiomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
James E. Conway and Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa
41 Tuberculum Sellae and Olfactory Groove Meningiomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
James E. Conway and Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa
42 Tentorial Meningiomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Je(cid:806) rey N. Bruce and Michael Lim
43 Frontal Gliomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Hasan Zaidi and Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa
44 Temporal Gliomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Daniel L. Silbergeld and Arthur A. Ward Jr.
45 Occipital Gliomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Omar N. Syed and Ricardo J. Komotar
46 Brain Stem Gliomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
William J. Mack
47 Hypothalamic Region Gliomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Andrew F. Ducruet
48 Optic Nerve Gliomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Andrew F. Ducruet
49 Acoustic Neuromas (Vestibular Schwannomas). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Andrew T. Parsa and Michael E. Sughrue
50 Craniopharyngiomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
George Jallo
51 Pineal Region Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Andrew T. Parsa and Isaac Yang
52 Colloid Cysts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Edward S. Ahn
53 Esthesioneuroblastomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
James E. Conway and Gary L. Gallia
54 Metastatic Tumor Resection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Ganesh Rao, Khan Li, and Raymond Sawaya
55 Superfi cial Frameless Stereotactic Biopsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Michael Lim
56 Deep Stereotactic Biopsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Michael Lim and Gustavo Pradilla
viii Contents
Functional Procedures
57 Temporal Lobectomy and Selective Amygdalohippocampectomy . . . . 258
Devin K. Binder and Johannes Schramm
58 Subdural Grid Placement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Robert R. Goodman
59 Stereotactic Placement of Temporal Depth Electrodes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Dimitris G. Placantonakis and Theodore H. Schwartz
60 Awake Craniotomies and Functional Mapping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Daniel L. Silbergeld
61 Extratemporal Nonlesional Epilepsy Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Sean J. Nagel and William E. Bingaman
62 Transsylvian Functional Hemispherectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Devin K. Binder and Johannes Schramm
63 Anatomic Hemispherectomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Jorge Gonzalez-Martinez
64 Corpus Callosotomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Robert R. Goodman
65 Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus for
Parkinson Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Ali R. Rezai, Hooman Azmi, and Andre Machado
Trauma
66 Epidural Hematoma Evacuation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Chetan Bettegowda
67 Subdural Hematoma Evacuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Chetan Bettegowda
68 Repair of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks (Cranial). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Khan Li
69 Repair of Skull Fractures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Khan Li
70 Gunshot Wounds to the Head. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Clinton J. Baird
71 Missile Injuries to the Brain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
James Waldron, Guy Rosenthal, and Geo(cid:806) rey T. Manley
72 Cranial Stab Wounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Guy Rosenthal, Shirley I. Stiver, and Geo(cid:806) rey T. Manley
Infection
73 Infected Bone Flap and Subdural or Epidural Abscess (Empyema). . . . 333
Chetan Bettegowda
74 Intracranial Abscess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Clinton J. Baird
Contents ix
75 Neurocysticercosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Violette Renard Recinos
76 Toxoplasmosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Violette Renard Recinos
CSF Diversion
77 Stereotactic Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
George Jallo
78 Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt—Primary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Violette Renard Recinos
79 Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt—Revision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Violette Renard Recinos
80 Ventriculoatrial Shunt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Pablo F. Recinos and Violette Renard Recinos
81 Ventriculopleural Shunt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Violette Renard Recinos
82 Shunt Externalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Violette Renard Recinos
83 External Ventricular Drain (Ventriculostomy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Daniel Sciubba
84 Ventricular Access Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Daniel Sciubba
Miscellaneous
85 Scalp Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Daniel Sciubba
86 Skull Defects: Cranioplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Daniel Sciubba
II SPINAL
Approaches, Decompression, and Fusion
87 Transoral Approach/Decompression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
K. Michael Webb and Volker K. H. Sonntag
88 Retropharyngeal Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Haroon F. Choudhri
89 Odontoid Screw Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Haroon F. Choudhri
90 Suboccipital Approach to Foramen Magnum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Steve J. McAnany, Harshpal Singh, and Tanvir F. Choudhri
91 Occipitocervical Stabillization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
K. Michael Webb and Volker K. H. Sonntag
92 Atlantoaxial Stabilization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Mark G. Burnett and Volker K. H. Sonntag