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The fourth edition of this popular handbook provides a thorough and up-to-date y a
overview of the occupational safety and health field and the issues safety profes- m
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An excellent introductory reference for both students and professionals, this com- H ta
prehensive book provides practical information regarding technology, manage- e ls
ment, and regulatory compliance issues, covering crucial topics like organizing, a
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staffing, directing, and evaluating the system. This book also covers the required lt f Fundamentals of
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written programs for general industry, identifying when they are needed and which O
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All major topics are addressed in this comprehensive volume, from safety-related r
laws and regulations to hazardous materials and workplace violence. Fundamentals th pa OOccccuuppaattiioonnaall
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of Occupational Safety and Health includes a chapter covering the issues and con- d t
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cerns raised by the threat of terrorism. This fourth edition also examines OSHA’s it o
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recordkeeping standard so readers will know which industries are covered and
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what they must do to comply. l AAFFEETTYY
A handy directory of resources including safety and health associations, First Re-
sponder organizations, as well as state and federal agencies, puts a wealth of infor-
mation at the readers’fi ngertips.
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Mark A. Friend is professor of Safety and Chair of the Department of Applied HH
Aviation Sciences at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach,
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Florida. ACertified Safety Professional, Dr. Friend is an active consultant, expert r EE AA LLTTHH
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At the time of his death, James P. Kohn was associate professor of Industrial a
Technology at Eastern Carolina University and president of OccuSafe Service n
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Corporation. A Certified Safety Professional, Certified Industrial Hygienist, and
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Certifi ed Professional Ergonomist, he held memberships in the American Society
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of Safety Engineers, the American Industrial Hygiene Association, and the Ameri- h
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can Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists.
For orders and information please contact the publisher FFoouurrtthh EEddiittiioonn
Government Institutes, an imprint of The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
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FundOcc4thEd.indd 1 10/30/06 4:35:23 PM
Fundamentals of
Occupational Safety and
Health
Fourth Edition
Mark A. Friend and
James P. Kohn
Government Institutes
An imprint of
The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
• •
Lanham, Maryland Toronto Plymouth, UK
2007
PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
byGovernmentInstitutes,animprintofTheScarecrowPress,Inc.
Awhollyownedsubsidiaryof
TheRowman&LittlefieldPublishingGroup,Inc.
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www.govinstpress.com
EstoverRoad
PlymouthPL67PY
UnitedKingdom
Copyright(cid:2)2007byGovernmentInstitutes
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,
storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyany
means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise,
withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher.
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applytoaparticularsetoffacts.Theauthorandthepublishermakeno
representationorwarranty,expressorimplied,astothecompleteness,correctness,
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publisherassumenoliabilityofanykindwhatsoeverresultingfromtheuseofor
relianceuponthecontentsofthisbook.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Friend,MarkA.
Fundamentalsofoccupationalsafetyandhealth/MarkA.FriendandJamesP.
Kohn.—4thed.
p. cm.
ISBN-13:978-0-86587-171-7(pbk.:alk.paper)
ISBN-10:0-86587-171-X(pbk.:alk.paper)
1. Industrialsafety—UnitedStates. 2. Industrialhygiene—UnitedStates.
I. Kohn,JamesP. II. Title.
T55.F752007
363.11—dc22 2006026205
(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:4)
Thepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsof
AmericanNationalStandardforInformationSciences—PermanenceofPaperfor
PrintedLibraryMaterials,ANSI/NISOZ39.48-1992.ManufacturedintheUnited
StatesofAmerica.
TotheEternalMemoryof
JamesP.Kohn
Colleague,Teacher,Father,Husband,Friend
Hislegacyisnotonlythedecadesofservicehegave
tothesafetyandhealthprofession,
themanycurrentandfuturesafetyprofessionals
whohaveandwillbenefitfromhiswork,
andtheworkerswhoselives andhealth
hehashelpedprotect,
butthemanyheartshetouched.
SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
TableofContents ........................................ vii
ListofFiguresandTables .................................. xix
Preface ............................................... xxi
AbouttheAuthors ........................................ xxiii
Acknowledgments ....................................... xxv
Chapter1. IntroductiontoOccupationalSafetyandHealth ........ 1
Chapter2. SafetyLegislation .............................. 21
Chapter3. Workers’CompensationandRecordkeeping .......... 43
Chapter4. Safety-RelatedBusinessLaws ..................... 59
Chapter5. AccidentCausationandInvestigation:Theoryand
Application ................................... 75
Chapter6. IntroductiontoIndustrialHygiene .................. 101
Chapter7. ErgonomicsandSafetyManagement ................ 127
Chapter8. FirePreventionandProtection .................... 159
Chapter9. SystemSafety ................................. 183
Chapter10. ManagingtheSafetyFunction ..................... 215
Chapter11. PsychologyandSafety:TheHumanElementinLoss
Prevention ................................... 233
Chapter12. ImprovingSafetyPerformancewithBehavior-Based
Safety....................................... 253
Chapter13. WorkplaceViolence ............................ 281
Chapter14. TerrorismPreparedness ......................... 305
Chapter15. HazardousMaterials ............................ 317
Chapter16. ConstructionSafetyandtheMultiemployerWorksite
Doctrine ..................................... 341
Chapter17. RequiredWrittenPrograms ....................... 365
Chapter18. ResourcesonSafetyandHealth ................... 381
AppendixA. 29CFR1910—OSHAGeneralIndustryStandards
SummaryandChecklist .......................... 403
AppendixB. 29CFR1926—OSHAConstructionStandards
SummaryandChecklist .......................... 425
AppendixC. AnthropometricData ............................ 453
Index ................................................. 463
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE ............................................... xix
ABOUTTHEAUTHORS ...................................... xxi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................... xxiii
Chapter1 INTRODUCTIONTOOCCUPATIONALSAFETYANDHEALTH 1
ChapterObjectives .. .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 1
CaseStudy .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 1
OccupationalSafetyandHealth .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 2
ImportanceofOccupationalSafetyandHealth . .. ... ... .. ... 3
EarlyHistoricalExaminationofOccupationalSafetyandHealth 4
AncientGreekandRomanPhysicians ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 4
TheEuropeanRenaissanceandtheIndustrialRevolution . ... 5
TermsandConceptsintheSafetyProfession ... .. ... ... .. ... 8
JobTitlesofIndividualsPerformingOccupationalSafetyand
HealthActivities .. .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 10
TheSafetyandHealthProfessional’sRoleandResponsibility ... 11
Conclusion .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 18
Questions . .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 18
References. .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 18
Bibliography ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... . 18
Chapter2 SAFETYLEGISLATION ........................... 21
ChapterObjectives .. .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 21
CaseStudy .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 21
LegislativeHistory .. .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 21
OccupationalSafetyandHealthAct .. .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 24
WhoIsCovered? ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 25
OSHAStandards ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 27
OriginofOSHAStandards .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 27
HorizontalandVerticalStandards . .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 28
FindingtheOSHAAct. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 28
SpecificRequirementsoftheAct . ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 29
EmployerResponsibilitiesandRights .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 30
Inspections .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 31
InspectionProcess .. .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 32
CitationsandPenalties . ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... 34
vii
viii / TableofContents
AppealsProcess . ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 36
OSHA-ApprovedStatePrograms. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 37
StandardsDevelopment ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 37
OtherConsiderations .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 38
NIOSHandOSHRC .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 38
FutureTrends . .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 39
Conclusion ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 40
Questions . ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 40
References. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 41
Bibliography . .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... . 41
Chapter3 WORKERS’COMPENSATIONANDRECORDKEEPING ..... 43
ChapterObjectives .. .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 43
CaseStudy ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 43
EarlyWorkers’CompensationLaws.. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 43
ModernWorkers’CompensationLaws ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 45
Exemptions... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 47
PremiumCalculation .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 48
ExperiencedModification... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 48
RetrospectiveRating. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 48
Self-Insured .. .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 49
Recordkeeping . ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... . 49
CaseStudy . .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 49
Background .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 49
WhoMustKeepRecords ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 50
Forms .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 51
OSHA300,300A,and301Forms .. .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 51
RecordableOccupationalInjuriesandIllnesses . ... ... .. ... 51
FirstAidCases .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 55
Fatalities . .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 56
PrivacyConcernCases .. .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 56
PostingAnnualSummaryRequirements .. .. ... ... .. ... 56
Conclusion ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 57
Questions . ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 57
References. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 58
Bibliography . .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... . 58
Chapter4 SAFETY-RELATEDBUSINESSLAWS ................. 59
ChapterObjectives .. .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 59
CaseStudy ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 59
ImportantTerminology ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 60
RoleoftheSafetyProfessional . .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... 64
