Table Of ContentFundamentals of Network Planning and Optimisation 2G/3G/4G: Evolution to 5G
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Fundamentals of Network Planning
and Optimisation 2G/3G/4G: Evolution to 5G
Second Edition
Ajay R. Mishra
Ericsson
India
This edition first published 2018
© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Edition History
John Wiley & Sons Ltd (1e, 2004)
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Mishra, Ajay R., author.
Title: Fundamentals of network planning and optimisation 2G/3G/4G : evolution to 5G /
Ajay R. Mishra, Ericsson, IN.
Other titles: Fundamentals of cellular network planning and optimisation
Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, NJ, USA : Wiley, 2018. | Revised edition of:
Fundamentals of cellular network planning and optimisation | Includes bibliographical
references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2018023713 (print) | LCCN 2018026686 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119331704 (Adobe PDF) |
ISBN 9781119331766 (ePub) | ISBN 9781119331711 (hardcover)
Subjects: LCSH: Cell phone systems–Design and construction. | Wireless communication systems–
Design and construction. | Computer networks–Design and construction.
Classification: LCC TK6570.M6 (ebook) | LCC TK6570.M6 M54 2018 (print) | DDC 621.3845/6–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018023713
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: ©StationaryTraveller/iStockphoto
Set in 10/12pt Warnock by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India
Printed in the UK by Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedicated
to
The Lotus Feet of my Guru
vii
Contents
Foreword by Aruna Sundararajan xix
Foreword by Rainer Deutschmann xxi
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgements xxv
List of Abbreviations xxvii
1 Overview of Mobile Networks 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Mobile Network Evolution 2
1.2.1 First‐generation System (Analogue System) 2
1.2.2 Second‐generation System (Digital System) 3
1.2.3 Third‐generation Networks (WCDMA in UMTS) 3
1.2.4 Fourth‐generation Networks (LTE) 4
1.2.5 Fifth‐generation Networks 4
1.3 Information Theory 4
1.3.1 Multiple Access Techniques 4
1.3.2 Modulations 5
1.3.3 OSI Reference Model 6
1.4 Second‐generation Mobile Network 8
1.4.1 Base Station Subsystem (BSS) 8
1.4.2 Network Subsystem (NSS) 9
1.4.3 Network Management System (NMS) 10
1.4.4 Interfaces and Signalling in GSM 10
1.5 Third‐generation Mobile Networks 13
1.5.1 Radio Access Network (RAN) 13
1.5.2 Core Network (CN) 14
1.5.3 Interfaces and Signalling in 3G Networks 15
1.6 Fourth‐generation Mobile Networks 17
1.6.1 Access Network 17
1.6.2 Evolved Packet Core Network 18
1.6.3 Interfaces and Signalling 19
1.7 Fifth‐generation Networks 19
1.8 Supporting Technologies 20
1.8.1 ADSL2+ 20
1.8.2 VDSL2 21
viii Contents
1.8.3 FTTN 21
1.8.4 V+ 21
1.8.5 GPON 22
1.8.6 GEPON 22
1.8.7 G.Fast 22
1.8.8 XG‐PON1 22
1.8.9 XGS‐PON 22
1.8.10 NGPON2 23
1.8.11 NB‐IoT 23
1.8.12 LTE eMTC 23
1.8.13 RFID 23
1.8.14 NFC 23
1.8.15 ZigBee 24
1.8.16 Z‐Wave 24
1.8.17 LoRa 24
1.8.18 SigFox 24
1.8.19 Li‐Fi 25
1.8.20 V2V and V2I 25
1.8.21 SRD 25
1.8.22 RLAN 26
1.8.23 PMR 26
Part I: 2G GSM and EGPRS Network Planning and Optimisation 27
2 Radio Network Planning and Optimisation 29
2.1 Basics of Radio Network Planning 29
2.1.1 Scope of Radio Network Planning 29
2.1.2 Cell Shapes 29
2.1.3 Elements in a Radio Network 30
2.1.4 Channel Configuration in GSM 31
2.2 Radio Network Planning Process 32
2.2.1 Radio Cell and Wave Propagation 33
2.2.2 Propagation Effects and Parameters 34
2.2.3 Network Planning Requirements: Dimensioning 38
2.3 Radio Network Pre‐planning 38
2.3.1 Site Survey and Site Selection 39
2.3.2 Result of Site Survey Process 40
2.4 Radio Network Detailed Planning 40
2.4.1 Link Budget 40
2.4.2 Frequency Hopping 44
2.4.3 Equipment Enhancements 48
2.4.4 Cell and Network Coverage 48
2.4.5 Capacity Planning 51
2.4.6 Spectrum Efficiency and Frequency Planning 55
2.4.7 Power Control 55
2.4.8 Handover 55
2.4.9 Discontinuous Transmission 56
Contents ix
2.4.10 Frequency Hopping 56
2.4.11 Parameter Planning 57
2.5 Basics of Radio Network Optimisation 59
2.5.1 Key Performance Indicators 59
2.5.2 Network Performance Monitoring 61
2.5.3 Network Performance Assessment 62
2.6 GPRS Network Planning and Optimisation 66
2.6.1 GPRS System 66
2.6.2 Interfaces in a GPRS Network 68
2.6.3 Protocol Structure in a GPRS Network 69
2.7 Network Planning in a GPRS Network 71
2.7.1 GPRS Radio Network Planning 71
2.7.2 Mobility and Radio Resource Management 73
2.7.3 Power Control 73
2.7.4 Concept of Temporary Block Flow 74
2.8 GPRS Detailed Radio Network Planning 74
2.8.1 Coverage Planning 74
2.8.2 Capacity Planning 75
2.8.3 Frequency Planning 75
2.8.4 Parameter Planning 76
2.9 GPRS Radio Network Optimisation 76
2.10 EDGE Network Planning and Optimisation 77
2.10.1 EGPRS and ECSD 78
2.10.2 EDGE System 78
2.11 EDGE Radio Network Planning Process 78
2.11.1 EDGE Radio Network Planning 79
2.12 Radio Network Planning Process 80
2.12.1 Coverage Planning 81
2.13 EDGE Radio Network Optimisation 84
2.13.1 Key Performance Indicators 84
2.13.2 Performance Measurements 84
2.13.3 Improvement of Throughput in EDGE Networks 85
2.14 Conclusions 86
3 Transmission Network Planning and Optimisation 87
3.1 Basics of Transmission Network Planning 87
3.1.1 Scope of Transmission Network Planning 87
3.1.2 Elements in a Transmission Network 87
3.2 Transmission Network Planning Process 89
3.3 Transmission Pre‐planning 90
3.3.1 One PCM Connection 90
3.3.2 PCM Requirements on the A and A Interface 91
bis ter
3.3.3 Equipment Location 92
3.3.4 Network Topology 92
3.3.5 Site Selection and Line‐of‐Sight Survey 93
3.3.6 Radius of the Fresnel Zone 94
3.3.7 Microwave Link Planning 95
3.3.8 Design Principles for Microwave Link 105
x Contents
3.3.9 Error Performance and Availability 106
3.4 Detailed Transmission Network Planning 107
3.4.1 Frequency Planning 107
3.4.2 Timeslot Allocation Planning 111
3.4.3 2Mbps Planning 112
3.4.4 Synchronisation Planning 114
3.4.5 Transmission Network Management Planning 116
3.5 Transmission Network Optimisation 117
3.5.1 Basics of Transmission Network Optimisation 117
3.5.2 Transmission Network Optimisation Process 118
3.6 GPRS Transmission Network Planning and Optimisation 123
3.7 EDGE Transmission Network Planning 123
3.7.1 Dynamic A Functionality in EDGE Networks 127
bis
3.7.2 Timeslot Allocation in Dynamic A 127
bis
3.7.3 Dimensioning of Dynamic A 129
bis
3.7.4 Impact of Dynamic A on Transmission Network Design 130
bis
3.7.5 EDGE Transmission Network Optimisation 131
4 Core Network Planning and Optimisation 133
4.1 Basics of Core Network Planning 133
4.1.1 Scope of Core Network Planning 133
4.1.2 Elements of the Core Network 133
4.2 Core Network Planning Process 134
4.2.1 Network Analysis 135
4.2.2 Network Dimensioning 135
4.3 Basics of Signalling 140
4.3.1 Signalling Points 140
4.3.2 Signalling Links 140
4.3.3 Signalling Network Dimensioning 141
4.4 Intelligent Network (IN) 141
4.5 Failure Analysis and Protection 142
4.5.1 Output of Network Dimensioning 143
4.6 Detailed Planning 144
4.6.1 Routing Plans 144
4.6.2 Signalling Plans 145
4.6.3 Numbering and Charging 145
4.6.4 Synchronisation Plans 145
4.7 Core Network Optimisation 145
4.7.1 Basics of the Optimisation Process 145
4.7.2 Data Collection and Analysis 147
4.7.3 Core Network Optimization Plan 149
4.8 GPRS Core Network Planning 149
4.8.1 Packet Core Network Planning 150
4.8.2 Basics of IP Addressing 152
4.8.3 IP Routing 153
4.9 EDGE Core Network Planning 154
Contents xi
Part II: 3G UMTS Network Planning and Optimisation 155
5 3G Radio Network Planning and Optimisation 157
5.1 Basics of Radio Network Planning 157
5.1.1 Scope of Radio Network Planning 157
5.1.2 3G System Requirements 157
5.1.3 WCDMA Radio Fundamentals 158
5.1.4 Service Classes in UMTS 158
5.1.5 Element in a WCDMA Radio Network 159
5.2 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture 161
5.2.1 Protocol Structure for Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(UTRAN) 162
5.2.2 Channel Configuration in WCDMA Radio Network 163
5.3 Spreading Phenomenon 164
5.3.1 Scrambling Code 166
5.3.2 Channelisation Code 166
5.4 Multipath Propagation 166
5.5 Radio Network Planning Process 167
5.5.1 Pre‐Planning Phase 167
5.5.2 Structure and Performance of the Physical Layer 169
5.5.3 Uplink and Downlink Modulation 170
5.5.4 Uplink and Downlink Spreading 170
5.5.5 Code Planning 171
5.5.6 Power Control in WCDMA Radio Networks 171
5.5.7 Handover in WCDMA Radio Networks 172
5.5.8 Coverage Planning 173
5.5.9 Capacity Planning 175
5.5.10 AMR 175
5.6 Detailed Planning 178
5.6.1 Coverage and Capacity 178
5.6.2 Radio Resource Management 179
5.7 High Speed Packet Access 181
5.7.1 HSDPA 181
5.7.2 HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packer Access) 184
5.8 WCDMA Radio Network Optimisation 186
5.8.1 Key Performance Indicators 186
5.8.2 Network Performance Monitoring 187
5.8.3 Coverage, Capacity and Quality Enhancements 189
5.8.4 Parameter Tuning 192
6 3G Transmission Network Planning and Optimisation 195
6.1 Basics of 3G (WCDMA) Transmission Network Planning 195
6.1.1 Scope of Transmission Network Planning 195
6.1.2 Elements in 3G Transmission Networks 195
6.2 Transmission Network Planning Process 198
6.2.1 Nominal Planning 198
