Fundamentals of Industrial Chemistry: Pharmaceuticals, Polymers, and Business

266 Pages·2014·1.83 MB·English

by  John A. Tyrell

FUNDAMENTALS OF
INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
FUNDAMENTALS OF
INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
PHARMACEUTICALS, POLYMERS,
AND BUSINESS
John A. Tyrell
University of North Carolina Wilmington
Copyright © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey
Published simultaneously in Canada
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Tyrell, John A.
Fundamentals of industrial chemistry: pharmaceuticals, polymers, and business / John A. Tyrell,
University of North Carolina, Wilmington.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-61756-4 (cloth)
1. Chemistry, Technical. 2. Chemistry, Technical—Study and teaching. I. Title.
TP145.T87 2014
661—dc23
2013051309
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN: 9781118617564
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my daughters, Christine Reichert, Catherine Backmeyer and Alicia Tyrell
and to the next generation: Sarah, Madeline, John, Anna and Abigail.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1
References 3
2. Inorganic Chemicals 5
2.1 Sulfuric acid 5
2.2 Phosphoric acid 7
2.3 Lime 9
2.4 Soda Ash 10
2.5 Titanium Dioxide 10
2.6 Sodium Chloride and Chloralkali 11
Questions 14
References 15
3. Gases 17
3.1 Syn Gas 17
3.2 Nitrogen and Oxygen 24
3.3 Ammonia 26
Questions 31
References 32
4. Patents 35
Questions 43
References 46
5. Petrochemicals 47
5.1 Crude Oil 47
5.2 Coal, Natural Gas and Shale Oil 52
5.3 Ethylene 53
5.4 Propylene 57
5.5 BTX 59
vii
viii CONTENTS
Questions 60
References 61
6. Business Considerations 63
6.1 Introduction 63
6.2 Six Sigma 64
6.3 Stage-Gate™ 66
6.4 Organization 68
6.5 Gantt Charts 70
6.6 Cost Estimates 71
6.7 Scale-up Considerations 75
Questions 82
References 83
7. Polymer Basics 85
Questions 104
References 106
8. Some Industrially Important Polymers 109
8.1 Polyethylene 109
8.2 Polypropylene 112
8.3 Polyvinyl Chloride 113
8.4 Other Olefn Polymers 116
8.5 Polyester 117
8.6 Polycarbonate 121
8.7 Nylon 122
8.8 Polyimide 125
8.9 Fluoropolymers 126
8.10 Polyphenylene Sulfde 128
8.11 Acetal Resin 129
8.12 Thermosets 130
Questions 136
References 139
9. Blends and Additives 141
9.1 Blends 141
9.2 Antioxidants 143
9.3 UV Stabilizers 147
9.4 Antistatic Agents 148
9.5 Peroxides 149