Table Of Contenti
Fundamentals
of
femtosecond optics
ii
iii
Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials:
Number 52
Fundamentals
of
femtosecond optics
S. A. Kozlov and V. V. Samartsev
Cambridge International Science Publishing Limited
in association with
Woodhead Publishing Limited
Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
iv
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v
Contents
About the authors ix
Preface xi
Chapter I
Theory of the interaction of femtosecond light pulses
with matter 1
I.1. The principles of constructing dynamic equations of the
field of femtosecond light pulses 2
I.2. Non-linear equations of the polarisation response of dielectric
media in the field of femtosecond light pulses 4
I.2.1. The classical theory of dispersion of high-intensity light 5
I.2.2. Quantum theory of dispersion of high-intensity light 9
I.3. Non-linear dynamics of the field equations of plane waves 16
I.4. Non-linear dynamics of the field equations of paraxial waves 18
I.5. Equations of the dynamics of the field of femtosecond light pulses
as a generalisation of the equation of dynamics of their envelopes 24
I.6. The linear equations of evolution of the spectra of non-paraxial
waves 26
I.7. Non-linear equations of evolution of the spectra of non-paraxial
waves 33
I.8. Equations of the evolution of spectra of femtosecond light
pulses as a generalisation of the equations of dynamics of their
field 38
I.9. Self-action of femtosecond light pulses in waveguides 40
I.9.1. Dispersion broadening of femtosecond light pulses 41
I.9.2. Ultrabroadening time spectrum of the femtosecond light
pulses 43
I.9.3. Formation of extremely short optical solitons 47
I.9.4. Stimulated Raman scattering of femtosecond light pulses 51
I.9.5. Self-induced changes in the polarisation of femtosecond light
pulses 52
I.10. Interaction of femtosecond light pulses in waveguides 56
I.10.1.The interaction of unidirectional pulses 56
I.10.2.Interaction of counter-propagating pulses 61
I.11. Self-focusing of femtosecond light pulses in bulk media 68
I.12. Non-linear reflection of femtosecond optical pulses 83
vi Contents
Chapter II
Femtosecond lasers and laser systems 94
II.1. Generation of lasers producing ultrashort pulses 96
II.1.1. Lasers operating in mode locking 99
II.2. General principles of femtosecond laser systems 101
II.3. Some examples of existing femtosecond laser systems 106
II.4. Direct methods for measuring the characteristics of femtosecond
pulses and optical media 115
II.5. Indirect methods of measuring the duration of ultrashort
pulses. Intensity autocorrelator 119
II.6. General concepts of correlation functions 124
II.7. Demonstration of some methods and examples of research
environments with ultrashort pulses 128
II.7.1. Measurements with continuous trains of ultrashort
pulses 130
II.7.2. Gating method with a time resolution 131
Chapter III
Principles of femtosecond coherent spectroscopy of
impurity amorphous media 134
III.1. Molecular spectra. Shpol’skii effect 135
III.2. The spectra of activated polymers and glasses. Homogeneous
and inhomogeneous broadening of molecular bands. Laser
fluorescence 137
III.3. Features of solid-state media with disordered microstructure 143
III.4. Single-molecule spectroscopy 149
III.5. The role of phonons and quasilocal oscillations in the
processes of coherent optical dephasing processes 153
III.6. Photon echo: the physics of the phenomenon in two-level
impurity solid media, echo-echo spectroscopy and echo-
processors 162
III.7. Angular femtosecond echo spectroscopy and use of spatial
properties of signals of the photon echo in echo spectroscopy
of doped amorphous materials 171
III.8. Theory of femtosecond photon echo in disordered impurity
solid-state media at high temperatures 179
III.8.1. Methods of calculation of photon echo signal intensities
in the two-level resonant medium by means of
Bloch optical equations 180
Contents vii
III.8.2. Methods of calculating femtosecond photon echo
signals in disordered doped solid-state media, taking into
account the influence of the phonon wing of the optical
absorption band 184
III.9. Femtosecond photon echo in doped polymer films at room
temperature 196
III.10. Femtosecond anti-Stokes free-induction decay, photon
echo and coherent laser cooling regime 207
III.11. Femtosecond four-wave mixing spectroscopy. Incoherent
photon echo 214
III.12. Other methods of using femtosecond pulses in optical
molecular spectroscopy 224
III.13. Coherent optical spectroscopy of cancer cells on the basis of
femtosecond accumulated photon echo 226
Conclusion 231
References 233
Index 249
viii
ix
About the authors
Sergey A. Kozlov
Doctor of Sciences in Physics and Mathematics (1998),
Professor (2004), Winner of the Lenin Komsomol
Prize for Science and Technology (1998), Head of
the Saint-Petersburg Research School of Femtosecond
Optics and Femtotechnologies (2006), Dean of the
Faculty of Photonics and Optoinformatics, the Saint-
Petersburg National Research University of Information
Technologies, Mechanics and Optics. The main field of
interest is the nonilinear optics of ultrashort pulses.
Vitaly V. Samartsev
Doctor of Sciences in Physics and Mathematics (1981),
Professor (1990), Academician of the Russian Academy
of Natural Sciences (2004), Honoured Scientist of the
Russian Federation (2000), Head of the Laboratory
of Non-linear Optics, the Kazan Physical Technical
Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor
at the Department of Optics and Nanophotonics, Kazan
Federal University, author of 14 monographs and many
scientific papers on coherent and quantum optics,
magnetic quantum acoustics and quantum computing,
scientific editor of the Russian translation of four foreign
books.
