Table Of ContentTTAAFF--6677004444__NNEEWWMMAANN--0099--00330088--CC000000..iinnii ii 88//1177//0099 33::2211::5533 PPMM
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Michael C. Newman
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Newman, Michael C.
Fundamentals of ecotoxicology / Michael C. Newman. -- 3rd ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4200-6704-0 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Environmental toxicology. I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Environmental Pollutants--adverse effects. 2. Environmental Exposure--adverse effects.
WA 671 N554f 2010]
RA1226.N485 2010
571.9’5--dc22 2009011181
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
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To Peg, Ben, and Ian
I pretend not to teach, but to inquire …
Locke, 1690
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Contents
Preface ...........................................................................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................xvii
Author .............................................................................................................................................xix
Vignette Contributors .....................................................................................................................xxi
Part I
General
Chapter 1
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................3
I. Historic Need for Ecotoxicology ............................................................................................3
II. Current Need for Ecotoxicology Expertise .............................................................................5
III. Ecotoxicology ......................................................................................................................16
IV. Ecotoxicology: A Synthetic Science .....................................................................................17
A. Introduction ....................................................................................................................17
B. Science, Technology, and Practice .................................................................................19
C. Scientifi c Goal ................................................................................................................20
D. Technological Goal ........................................................................................................22
E. Practical Goal ................................................................................................................23
V. Summary ...............................................................................................................................24
Suggested Readings .........................................................................................................................26
Chapter 2
Major Classes of Contaminants .......................................................................................................27
I. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................27
II. Major Classes of Contaminants ............................................................................................29
A. Inorganic Contaminants ................................................................................................29
1. Metals and Metalloids ............................................................................................30
2. Organometallic Compounds ...................................................................................32
3. Inorganic Gases ......................................................................................................32
4. Anionic Contaminants Including Nutrients ...........................................................34
B. Organic Contaminants ...................................................................................................36
1. Hydrochlorofl uorocarbons and Chlorofl uorocarbons .............................................37
2. Organochlorine Alkenes .........................................................................................37
3. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ........................................................................38
4. Polyhalogenated Benzenes, Phenols, and Biphenyls ..............................................39
a. Polychlorinated Benzenes and Phenols ...........................................................39
b. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (and Terphenyls) ...................................................40
c. Polybrominated Biphenyls ...............................................................................40
5. Polychlorinated Naphthalenes ................................................................................41
6. Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans .............................................41
7. Pesticides ................................................................................................................42
a. Organochlorine ................................................................................................43
b. Organophosphorus ...........................................................................................44
c. Carbamate........................................................................................................44
d. Pyrethrin and Pyrethroid .................................................................................45
8. Herbicides ...............................................................................................................54
vii
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viii CONTENTS
9. Oxygen-Demanding Compounds ...........................................................................54
10. Other Important Compounds ..................................................................................55
11. Additional Emerging Organic Contaminants of Concern ......................................62
C. Radiations ......................................................................................................................66
1. Expressing Radioactivity ........................................................................................69
2. Radionuclides .........................................................................................................69
3. Ultraviolet Radiation ..............................................................................................72
4. Infrared Radiation ..................................................................................................72
D. Genetic Contaminants ...................................................................................................72
III. Summary ...............................................................................................................................73
IV. Background Chemistry Concepts and Defi nitions ................................................................74
Suggested Readings .........................................................................................................................78
Part II
Bioaccumulation
Chapter 3
Uptake, Biotransformation, Detoxifi cation, Elimination, and Accumulation .................................81
I. Introduction ...........................................................................................................................81
II. Uptake ...................................................................................................................................83
A. Introduction ....................................................................................................................83
B. Reaction Order ...............................................................................................................86
III. Biotransformation and Detoxifi cation ...................................................................................87
A. General ...........................................................................................................................87
B. Metals and Metalloids....................................................................................................87
C. Organic Compounds ......................................................................................................89
IV. Elimination............................................................................................................................91
A. Elimination Mechanisms ...............................................................................................91
B. Modeling Elimination ....................................................................................................93
V. Accumulation ........................................................................................................................98
VI. Summary .............................................................................................................................106
Suggested Readings .......................................................................................................................107
Chapter 4
Factors Infl uencing Bioaccumulation ............................................................................................109
I. Introduction .........................................................................................................................109
A. General .........................................................................................................................109
B. Bioavailability ..............................................................................................................110
II. Chemical Qualities Infl uencing Bioavailability ..................................................................113
A. Inorganic Contaminants ..............................................................................................113
1. Bioavailability from Water ...................................................................................113
2. Bioavailability from Solid Phases ........................................................................118
B. Organic Contaminants .................................................................................................125
1. Bioavailability from Water ...................................................................................125
2. Bioavailability from Solid Phases ........................................................................128
III. Biological Qualities Infl uencing Bioaccumulation .............................................................129
A. Temperature-Infl uenced Processes ..............................................................................129
B. Allometry .....................................................................................................................130
C. Other Factors ................................................................................................................132
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CONTENTS ix
IV. Summary .........................................................................................................................134
Suggested Readings .......................................................................................................................134
Chapter 5
Bioaccumulation from Food and Trophic Transfer .......................................................................135
I. Introduction .....................................................................................................................135
II. Quantifying Bioaccumulation from Food .......................................................................142
A. Assimilation from Food ...........................................................................................142
B. Trophic Transfer .......................................................................................................143
1. Defi ning Trophic Position .................................................................................143
2. Estimating Trophic Transfer ..............................................................................145
III. Inorganic Contaminants ..................................................................................................148
A. Metals and Metalloids ..............................................................................................148
B. Radionuclides ...........................................................................................................153
IV. Organic Compounds ........................................................................................................154
V. Summary .........................................................................................................................156
Suggested Readings .......................................................................................................................156
Part III
Toxicant Effects
Chapter 6
Molecular Effects and Biomarkers ................................................................................................161
I. Introduction ......................................................................................................................161
II. Organic Compound Detoxifi cation ..................................................................................162
A. Phase I Transformations ...........................................................................................163
B. Phase II Transformations .........................................................................................171
III. Metallothioneins ..............................................................................................................172
IV. Stress Proteins ..................................................................................................................179
V. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response ....................................................................180
VI. DNA Modifi cation ...........................................................................................................183
VII. Enzyme Dysfunction and Substrate Pool Shifts ..............................................................185
VIII. Summary ..........................................................................................................................187
Suggested Readings .......................................................................................................................187
Chapter 7
Cells, Tissues, and Organs .............................................................................................................189
I. Introduction .....................................................................................................................189
II. General Cytotoxicity and Histopathology .......................................................................190
A. Necrosis and Apoptosis ............................................................................................191
B. Infl ammation ............................................................................................................192
C. Other General Effects ..............................................................................................193
III. Gene and Chromosome Damage .....................................................................................194
IV. Cancer ..............................................................................................................................199
V. Gills as an Example .........................................................................................................202
VI. Liver as an Example ........................................................................................................204
VII. Summary .........................................................................................................................210
Suggested Readings .......................................................................................................................210
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