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Fundamentals of
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Fundamentals of
DSL
Technology
Edited by
Philip Golden
Hervé Dedieu
Krista Jacobsen
Boca Raton New York
Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
AU1913_Discl.fm Page 1 Tuesday, August 23, 2005 1:25 PM
Cover designer: Chris Massey
Published in 2006 by
Auerbach Publications
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Auerbach is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
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International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-1913-7 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-1913-6 (Hardcover)
Library of Congress Card Number 2004062330
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with
permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
or for the consequences of their use.
No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fundamentals of DSL technology / editors, Philip Golden, Herve Dedieu, Krista Jacobsen.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-1913-7 (alk. paper)
1. Digital subscriber lines. I. Golden, Philip. II. Dedieu, Hervé. III. Jacobsen, Krista.
TK5103.78.F86 2005
621.382--dc22 2004062330
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Dedications
PhilGoldendedicatesthisbooktohisMum,Caroline,andHannah,thethreemostimportant
womeninhislife.
Herve´DedieudedicatesthisbooktoClaire.
KristaS.JacobsendedicatesthisbooktoJohnCioffi,whoarguablystarteditall.
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Acknowledgments
The editorial team is grateful for the participation of so many skilled engineers in the
creationoftheFundamentalsofDSLTechnology.Thequalityofthisvolumeistestimonialto
the talent and dedication of its chapter authors, and the editors would like to thank the
authorsfortheiroutstandingcontributions.Thehighqualityofthisvolumeisalsoduein
parttotheeffortsoftheexcellentteamofreviewers.Theeditorswerefortunatetogather
a team of DSL experts whose careful reviews of the material helped to ensure technical
accuracyandclarity.Theeditorswouldliketothankthereviewersfortheirroleincrafting
this volume: Abdelaziz Amraoui, Rodolfo Ceruti, Jim Eyres, Orla Feely, Olivier Grenie,
Conor Heneghan, Fred Howett, Ragnar Jonsson, Rob Kirkby, Jae-Chon Lee, Geert Leus,
SimonLitsyn,HannahMassey,CoryModlin,TomasNordstro¨m,VladimirOksman,Sigurd
Schelstraete,GaryTennyson,MichailTsatsanis,JaapvanderBeek,RobvandenBrink,and
KatieWilson.
Phil Golden would like to thank both Krista and Herve´ for their excellent work. In
additionhewouldliketoformallyrecognizetherolethatHerve´ Dedieuhasplayedashis
mentorduringhistimeatLEA.OutsideofLEA,bothJohnCookofBTandPeterReusens,
formerlyofAlcatel,havebeenexceptionallyinstructiveinhelpingPhiltounderstandthe
mysteriesofsplitters.
Herve´ Dedieu would like to thank the talented engineers of LEA with whom he had
theprivilegetowork.HeexpresseshisgratitudetoPhilGoldenandGuyNallatambyfor
their constant support and team spirit. In the success of LEA as a start-up company, the
involvementofPhilasthe“seniorcircuit-designer”whorepresentedLEAinvariousETSI
and ANSI groups was a key point. This book would not have been possible without his
workwithinthedifferentDSLstandardizationcommitteesandwithouthistalenttogather
ateamofpeoplewhomadethisbookhappen.
KristaS.JacobsenwouldliketothankPhilandHerve´forinvitinghertohelpcreatewhat
she believes is the ultimate industry reference on DSL. She would also like to thank her
colleagues from Amati and Texas Instruments and the ITU, ETSI, and T1E1.4 DSL stan-
dardscrowdsforcreatingstimulating(andsometimesfrustrating)environmentsinwhich
tolearnaboutDSL.Finally,shewouldliketothankProfessorJohnM.Cioffi,whobelieved
inKristawhenshedidn’tbelieveinherself,andwhoseteachingsandsupporthaveopened
manydoors.
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Foreword
DSL’sworldwidecoronationofbroadbandInternetservicemotivatesthiscomprehensive
andtimelyencyclopediaofDSLtransmissionfundamentals.Risingstar,author,andeditor
Philip Golden joins industry veterans Herve´ Dedieu and Krista S. Jacobsen to collect an
outstandingsetofexpertcontributorswhopresstheadvancesofDSLintwovolumes—
thisoneandtheupcomingImplementationandApplicationsofxDSLTechnology—detailing
allaspectsofDSLmodemdesign.Readersandstudentsofthesevolumesindeedholdthe
keys to all aspects of DSL design in their library. One envisions designers and students
aroundtheworlddependingontheenormousinformationwithin.Thisfirstvolumelays
afoundation,addressingthebasicsofDSL.
TherehavebeenmanytextsonDSLinthepastfewyears,includingtheheavilyreferenced
two-booksetbyStarr,Sorbara,Cioffi,andSilverman[4][5],WalterChen’searliesttext[2],
JohnBingham’sfinalclassic[1]beforeretiring,andDennisRauschmayer’spragmaticview
[3]. However, none has been as comprehensive as this ambitious collection’s realization.
TheDSLareahasbeenexpandingrapidly,makinganaddressbyasingleauthororsmall
groupofauthorsdifficult.Thistextaddressestheoverallneedbycombiningthestrengths
oftheworld’smostrenownedDSLexperts.
Agoodtransmissionengineer’sfirstruleis“knowyourchannel,”andthistextreinforces
that notion: a caboodle of Europe’s finest DSL engineers adorns an introductory three-
chapter examination of DSL copper transmission channels in this first volume. Golden,
an internationally acknowledged expert on splitter circuits, joins DSL’s premier analog
expert, BT engineer John Cook, to overview the basic telephone environment in the first
chapter.Fundamentally,strongtransmissioninDSLdependsonagoodunderstandingof
thephysical-layertwistedpair,providedinChapter2byrenownedanalogexpertHerve´
Dedieu.Suchgoodtransmissiondependsalsoongoodnoisemodels,whichareprovided
inthethirdchapterbyanotherBTexpert,RobKirkby.
ModulationandequalizationexpertRagnarJonssonofConexantintroducesalllinecodes
inChapter4,tosetuplaterchaptersthatprovidegreaterdepthinandunderstandingof
thevarioustransmissionmethods.ProfessorEdwardJonesofUniversityCollegeGalway,
Ireland,relatesinChapter5thematerializationofthebasicobjectivesinDSLserviceand
comparesDSLtoothermethodsofbroadbanddelivery.
SevensucceedingchaptersdescribethebasicsofDSLtransmissiontocompletethisfirst
volume.The“transmissionfest”beginsinChapter6,whichprovidesanexcellentreview
ofsingle-carriermodulationbyhighlymobileauthorVladimirOksmanofTadiran,Lucent,
Broadcom, and currently Infineon. A professor could not be more proud than to see the
fineworkinthisvolumebytwoformeroutstandingstudents,thefirstofwhomisKrista
S.Jacobsen,formerlyofTexasInstruments,internationallyrecognizedforherexceptional
understandingofthediscretemulti-tone(DMT)technology.HerChapter7providesacom-
prehensivetreatmentofDMTtransmissionmethodsthatshouldallowmanytounderstand
thissimplebuthigh-performingubiquitousDSLtechnique,which,followingitsselection
forbothADSLandVDSL,hasclearlybecometheindustryfavorite.Kristaisfollowedby
Broadcom’s coding-world superstar Gottfried Ungerboeck, who details his internation-
allyacclaimedtrelliscodesforDSLinChapter8.Asecondformerstudent,TexasInstru-
ments’ frame-format and coding pioneer Cory Modlin, then follows in Chapter 9 with a
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detailedinvestigationoftheReed–SolomoncodesandinterleavingusedinalmostallDSL
systems. Turbo and LDPC codes may find their way into use in DSL’s future, and IBM
Zurich Research Lab’s Evangelos Eleftheriou and Sedat O¨lc¸er are the premier experts on
thepossibilities,whichappearinChapter10.Iceland’sRagnarJonssonreturnsinChapter
11toreviewbasicequalizationtheoryforuseinDSL.
Initially noted but under-appreciated, radio-frequency (RF) interference is a major
sourceofperformancelossathighspeedsinsomeDSLs.AquartetofSwedish–Bavarian
authors—Rickard Nilsson, Thomas Magesacher, Steffen Trautmann, and Tomas
Nordstro¨m—provide a valuable investigation of RF issues and means for reducing or
suppressingRFinterferenceinDSL.
Havingcompletedthisfirstbasicvolume,excitementbuildsinanticipationoftheensu-
ingvolumethataddressesthemethodsforexpansionandgrowthofDSL’ssuccess.
JohnCioffi
Stanford,California
References
1. J.A.C. Bingham. ADSL, VDSL and Multi-Carrier Modulation. Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY,
2000.
2. W.Y. Chen. DSL: Simulation Techniques and Standards Development for Digital Subscriber Lines.
Macmillan,NewYork,1998.
3. D.Rauschmayer.ADSL/VDSLPrinciples:APracticalandPreciseStudyofAsymmetricDigitalSub-
scriberLinesandVeryHighSpeedDigitalSubscriberLines.MacmillanTechnicalPublishing,1998.
4. T.Starr,J.M.Cioffi,andP.J.Silverman.UnderstandingDigitalSubscriberLineTechnology.Prentice-
Hall,UpperSaddleRiver,NJ,1999.
5. T.Starr,M.Sorbara,J.M.Cioffi,andP.J.Silverman.DSLAdvances.Prentice-Hall,UpperSaddle
River,NJ,2002.
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Contents
1 Overview of the POTS Environment — Signals and Circuits
PhilipGoldenandJohnCook
2 The Copper Channel — Loop Characteristics and Models
Herve´Dedieu
3 Noise and Noise Modelling on the Twisted Pair Channel
RobH.Kirkby
4 The Twisted Pair Channel — Models and Channel Capacity
RagnarHlynurJonsson
5 Introduction to DSL
EdwardJones
6 Fundamentals of Single-Carrier Modulation
VladimirOksman
7 Fundamentals of Multi-Carrier Modulation
KristaS.Jacobsen
8 Trellis-Coded Modulation in DSL Systems
GottfriedUngerboeck
9 Error Control Coding in DSL Systems
CoryS.Modlin
10 Advanced Coding Techniques for Digital Subscriber Lines
EvangelosEleftheriouandSedatO¨lc¸er
11 DSL Channel Equalization
RagnarHlynurJonsson
12 Synchronization of DSL Modems
SverrirOlafsson
13 Radio-Frequency Interference Suppression in DSL
RickardNilsson,ThomasMagesacher,SteffenTrautmann,
andTomasNordstro¨m
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1
Overview of the POTS Environment—Signals
and Circuits
PhilipGoldenandJohnCook
CONTENTS
1.1 How the Telephony System Is Typically Constructed
1.1.1 Network Structure
1.1.2 Local Exchanges
1.1.2.1 Line Interface Circuits
1.1.2.2 Main Distribution Frames
1.1.3 Cables
1.1.3.1 Dropwires
1.1.4 Network Demarcation Points
1.1.5 Customer Premises Wiring
1.1.5.1 Bus Topology
1.1.5.2 Tree-and-Branch Topology
1.1.5.3 Impedance Presented by Customer Wiring
1.1.5.4 Terminal Equipment Impedance
1.1.5.5 Terminal Equipment Sta1te
1.1.5.6 “On-Hook” State
1.1.5.7 “Off-Hook” State
1.2 Speech Signals
1.3 Hybrid Circuits
1.3.1 Two-Wire Transmission
1.3.2 Two-Wire to Four-Wire Conversion
1.3.3 Conceptual Hybrid Circuit
1.3.4 Choice of Terminating Impedance
1.3.5 Choice of Balance Impedance
1.3.6 Audible Feedback
1.3.7 Gains in the Hybrids
1.4 DC Signalling
1.4.1 The Local Exchange Battery
1.4.2 Resistive Feeding from the Local Exchange
1.4.3 Programmable DC Feeding
1.4.4 Resistance of the Local Loop
1.4.5 Resistance of the Terminal Equipment
1.4.6 Additional Uses of DC Signalling
Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
