Table Of ContentFundamentals of Building Energy Dynamics
SolaHre atT echnologiFeusn:d amentaanldAs p plications
Charles A. Bankston, editor in chief
1. History and Overview of Solar Heat Technologies
Donald A. Beattie, editor
2. Solar Resources
Roland L. Hulstrom, editor
3. Economic Analysis of Solar Thermal Energy Systems
Ronald E. West and Frank Kreith, editors
4. Fundamentals of Building Energy Dynamics
Bruce D. Hunn, editor
5. Solar Collectors, Energy Storage, and Materials
Francis de Winter, editor
6. Active Solar Systems
George Lor, editor
7. Passive Solar Buildings
J. Douglas Balcomb, editor
8. Passive Cooling
Jeffrey Cook, editor
9. Solar Building Architecture
Bruce Anderson, editor
10. Implementation of Solar Thermal Technology
Ronal Larson and Ronald E. West, editors
Fundamentals of Building Energy Dynamics
edited by Bruce D. Hunn
The MIT Press
Cambridge, Massachusetts
London, England
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Contents
Series Foreword by Charles A. Bankston vii
Preface ix
Acknowledgments Xl
1 IntroducEtnieorng:Uy se inB uildings
Bruce D. Hunn
2 PatteronfEs n ergUyse inB uildings 39
Arthur H. Rosenfeld, Mark D. Levine, Evan Mills, and
Bruce D. Hunn
3 CharacteriozfaE tinoenr gPyr ocessiensB uildings 113
Robert D. Busch
4 MethodosfE nergAyn alysis 219
Robert D. Busch
5 EnergCyo nservaantid oMna nagemeSnttr ategies 339
P. Richard Rittelmann
Contributors 517
Index 521
Series Foreword
CharlAes. B ankston
This series of twelve volumes sumam rizes research, development, and
implementation of solar thermal energy conversion technologies carried
out under federal sponsorship during the last eleven years of the National
Solar Energy Program. During the period from 1975 to 1986 the U.S.
Department of Energy's Office of Solar Heat Technologies spent more
than $1.1 billion on research, development, demonstration, and technol
ogy support projects, and the National Technical Information Center
added more than 30,000 titles on solar heat technologies to its holdings.
So much work was done in such a short period of time that little attention
could be paid to the orderly review, evaluation, and archival reporting of
the significant results.
It was in response to the concern that the results of the national pro
gram might be lost that this documentation project was conceived. It was
initiated in 1982 by Frederick H. Morse, director of the Office of Solar
Heat Technologies, Department of Energy, who had served as technical
coordinator of the 1972 NSF/NASA study "Solar Energy as a National
Resource" that helped start the National Solar Energy Program. The
purpose of the project has been to conduct a thorough, objective technical
assessment of the findings of the federal program using leading experts
from both the public and private sectors, and to document the most
significant advances and findings. The resulting volumes are neither
handbooks nor textbooks, but benchmark assessments of the state of
technology and compendia of important results. There is a historical
flavor to many of the chapters, and volume 1 of the series will offer a
comprehensive overview of the programs, but the emphasis throughout is
on results rather than history.
The goal of the series is to provide both a starting point for the new
researcher and a reference tool for the experienced worker. It should
also serve the needs of government and private-sector officials who want
to see what programs have already been tried and what impact they have
had. And it should be a resource for entrepreneurs whose talents lie in
translating research results into practical products.
The scope of the series is broad but not universal. It is limited to
solar technologies that convert sunlight to heat in order to provide energy
for application in the building, industrial, and power sectors. Thus it
explicitly excludes photovoltaic and biological energy conversion and
viii Series Foreword
such thermally driven processes as wind, hydro, and ocean thermal
power. Even with this limitation, though, the series assembles a daunting
amount of information. It represents the collective efforts of more than
200 authors and editors. The volumes are logitally divided into those
dealing with general topics such as the availability, collection, storage, and
economic analysis of solar energy and those dealing with applications.
The present volume is one of five volumes in this series that deals
explicitly with building heating and cooling. However, urilike the others,
volume 4 focuses on the buildings, building equipment, and the energy
conversion and heat transfer processes that take place within the build
ings, rather than the use of solar energy to meet the needs of the buildings
and their occupants. The reader may think of this volume as covering
the demand for energy in buildings, volumes 6 through 8 as covering the
means of supplying solar energy to meet those demands, and volume 9 as
covering the architectural integration of solar energy supply technologies
and building technologies.
As implied by its title, volume 4 presents the basic physical principles
and equations that describe the flow of energy into and within building
structures, as well as the analytical methods, algorithms, and computer
programs used to calculate those energy flows. It is not, however, just a
textbook on thermodynamics and heat transfer. It is a comprehensive
assessment of the state of building energy technology as a result of the
many advances in energy efficiency made, in part, as a result of govern
ment programs in energy conservation and solar energy over the past
two decades. The volume characterizes the energy demand of the national
building stock and of individual buildings, presents the results of research
on the energy processes and the methods and tools used to analyze them,
and discusses the broad range of strategies developed to control and mini
mize energy consumption. All this material is presented in the context
of providing a basis for the application of solar energy technologies to
building loads.
Preface
Because solar heat technologies are particularly applicable to residential
and commercial buildings, an important element in documenting the Na
tional Solar Energy Program is this volume, which assesses the significant
advances in building energy system technologies made from the early
1970s to the late 1980s. The Office of Buildings and Community Systems
of the U.S. Department of Energy conducted extensive research programs
in a wide range of building energy technologies and design strategies. This
program was a parallel effort to, and was coordinated with, the National
Solar Energy Program conducted by the Office of Solar Heat Technologies.
In large part, this volume documents this parallel effort that deals pri
marily with the issue of energy conservation in buildings.
This volume aims to assess the state of our knowledge of how and why
buildings use energy, and how energy use and peak demand can be re
duced. Its authors seek to provide a basis for the integration of energy
efficiency and solar approaches, because solar-energy-related capital costs
are reduced, and the fraction of the load supplied by solar is increased, as
the load is reduced. Thus the information presented here traces the de
velopment of the state of the art of building energy systems, and the
analysis of those systems, so as to characterize the demand side of solar
applications in buildings. This will provide a basis for determining what
portion of a building's energy requirements could potentially be met by
solar energy. How that energy use is met by solar is the subject of there
maining volumes in this series.
This volume is not a textbook on building design. Its purpose is to
provide a thorough assessment of the state of the technology of building
energy use, with an emphasis on technological developments that were
influenced by federal research and development programs during the
1973-87 period. While federal programs contributed much to the devel
opment of our knowledge and understanding of building energy dynam
ics, this technological development has for decades been the primary
focus of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Condi
tioning Engineers (ASHRA E). Thus much of the literature cited in this
volume is that of ASHRAE. Because the intent of this series is to sum
marize research, development, and implementation of solar energy tech
nologies carried out under federal sponsorship in the National Solar
Energy Program, the focus of this volume is on the energy technologies
applied to buildings only in the United States.
Bruce D. Hunn
Acknowledgments
This series was produced as a result of the vision and leadership of Fred
erick H. Morse, who for many years was director of the Office of Solar
Heat Technologies in the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). This vol
ume is dedicated to him and to the legacy of solar energy development
that he fostered at the DOE. As editor in chief, Charles A. Bankston
provided unwavering support with uncommon skill and patience through
out the development of this volume; he made this volume possible. John
A. Millhone, as director of the Office of Buildings and Community Sys
tems in DOE, provided the leadership that resulted in much of the re
search documented here.
In addition to the authors of record, I am grateful to two inc;lividuals
who gave considerable time to this project as preliminary authors but who
were unable to continue in that capacity because of other more pressing
assignments and duties. Larry W. Bickle of Tejas Power Corporation in
Houston, Texas, gave us an excellent start and basis for chapter 3, and
Joseph J. Deringer of The Deringer Group in Berkeley, California, con
tributed significantly to chapter 2. Thanks also to Nathan Martin of
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, who assisted in the preparation of the
final version of the residential portion of chapter 2. I especially thank each
of the authors, who contributed invaluable expertise and knowledge de
veloped over many years of dedicated research.
I am also grateful for the assistance of the professional and insightful
peer reviewers for this volume, who offered wise and helpful comments on
drafts of the several chapters. These reviewers include J. Marx Ayres of
Ayres Associates; John D. Cable of Hagler, Bailly and Company; Eric
Hirst and Daniel M. Hamblin of Oak Ridge National Laboratory; David
Harrje of the Center for Energy and Environmental Studies at Princeton
University; Robert W. Jones of Santa Fe, New Mexico; Ted Kurkowski
of the U.S. Department of Energy; Tamami Kusuda of the National In
stitute of Standards and Technology; Richard L. Merriam of Arthur D.
Little, Inc.; Thomas M. Sayre of the Sizemore/Floyd Partnership; Robert
B. Shibley of the State University of New York at Buffalo; and Edward F.
Sowell of Ayres Sowell Associates. Robert Jones was especially helpful in
clarifying the focus of chapters 2, 3, and 4.
Finally, I wish to acknowledge the expert administrative and word
processing assistance and patient support of Alice M. Wilson of the Cen
ter for Energy Studies at the University of Texas at Austin throughout the
several years of this project.
1
IntroductEinoenr:gU yse inB uildings
BrucDe. H uon
1.1 Introduction
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