Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology

1282 Pages·2014·164.14 MB·English

by  Frederic H. Martini

Chapters Clinical Cases
1
An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology 1 Using A&P to Save a Life 2
2
The Chemical Level of Organization 26 What is Wrong with my Baby? 27
3
The Cellular Level of Organization 64 When Your Heart is in the Wrong Place 65
4
The Tissue Level of Organization 113 The Rubber Girl 114
5
The Integumentary System 150 Skin Cells in Overdrive 151
6
Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure 178 A Case of Child Abuse? 179
7
The Axial Skeleton 206 Knocked Out 207
8
The Appendicular Skeleton 241 The Orthopedic Surgeon’s Nightmare 242
9
Joints 263 What’s Ailing the Birthday Girl? 264
10
Muscle Tissue 289 A Real Eye Opener 290
11
The Muscular System 332 The Weekend Warrior 333
12
Neural Tissue 385 Did Franklin D. Roosevelt Really Have Polio? 386
13
The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes 429 Prom Night 430
14
The Brain and Cranial Nerves 461 The Neuroanatomist’s Stroke 462
15
Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System 508 Living with Cerebral Palsy 509
16
The Autonomic Nervous System and The First Day in Anatomy Lab 532
Higher-Order Functions 531
17
The Special Senses 563 A Chance to See 564
18
The Endocrine System 608 Stones, Bones, and Groans 609
19
Blood 652 A Mysterious Blood Disorder 653
20
The Heart 684 A Needle to the Chest 685
21
Blood Vessels and Circulation 723 Did Ancient Mummies Have Atherosclerosis? 724
22
The Lymphatic System and Immunity 781 Isn’t There a Vaccine for That? 782
23
The Respiratory System 830 How Long Should a Cough Last? 831
24
The Digestive System 880 An Unusual Transplant 881
25
Metabolism and Energetics 935 The Miracle Supplement 936
26
The Urinary System 972 A Case of "Hidden" Bleeding 973
27
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance 1015 When Treatment Makes You Worse 1016
28
The Reproductive System 1050 A Post-Game Mystery 1051
29
Development and Inheritance 1095 The Twins That Looked Nothing Alike 1096
Spotlight Figures
1–1 Levels of Organization 1–10 Diagnostic Imaging Techniques
2–3 Chemical Notation
3–1 Anatomy of a Model Cell 3–7 Protein Synthesis, Processing, and Packaging 3–22 Overview of Membrane Transport
3–23 DNA replication 3–24 Stages of a Cell’s Life Cycle
4–20 Inflammation and Regeneration
5–3 The Epidermis
6–11 Endochondral Ossification 6–16 Types of Fractures and Steps in Repair
7–4 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull
8–10 Sex Differences in the Human Skeleton
9–2 Joint Movement
10–9 Events at the Neuromuscular Junction 10–10 Excitation-Contraction Coupling
10–11 The Contraction Cycle and Cross-Bridge Formation
11–3 Muscle Action
12–9 Resting Membrane Potential 12–14 Generation of an Action Potential 12–15 Propagation of an Action Potential
13–8 Peripheral Distribution of Spinal Nerves 13–14 Spinal Reflexes
14–4 Formation and Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
15–6 Somatic Sensory Pathways
16–2 Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System
17–2 Olfaction and Gustation 17–13 Refractive Problems 17–16 Photoreception
18–2 Structural Classification of Hormones 18–3 G Proteins and Second Messengers 18–18 Diabetes Mellitus
18–20 The General Adaptation Syndrome
19–1 The Composition of Whole Blood 19–8 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
20–10 Heart Disease and Heart Attacks 20–14 Cardiac Arrhythmias
21–33 Congenital Heart Problems
22–28 Cytokines of the Immune System
23–15 Respiratory Muscles and Pulmonary Ventilation 23–25 Control of Respiration
24–15 Regulation of Gastric Activity 24–27 Chemical Events of Digestion
25–11 Absorptive and Postabsorptive States
26–16 Summary of Renal Function
27–18 The Diagnosis of Acid-Base Disorders
28–12 Regulation of Male Reproduction 28–24 Regulation of Female Reproduction
29–5 Extraembryonic Membranes and Placenta Formation
FU N DA M E N TA L S O F
&
Anatomy Physiology
Tenth Edition
Frederic H. Martini, Ph.D.
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Judi L. Nath, Ph.D.
Lourdes University
Edwin F. Bartholomew, M.S.
William C. Ober, M.D. Claire E. Ober, R.N. Kathleen Welch, M.D. Ralph T. Hutchings
Art Coordinator and Illustrator Illustrator Clinical Consultant Biomedical Photographer
Clinical Cases by:
Ruth Anne O’Keefe
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Executive Editor: Leslie Berriman Production Management: Norine Strang
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Associate Project Editor: Lisa Damerel Copyeditor: Michael Rossa
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Content Producer: Joe Mochnick Senior Anatomy & Physiology Specialist: Derek Perrigo
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Notice: Our knowledge in clinical sciences is constantly changing. The authors and the publisher of
this volume have taken care that the information contained herein is accurate and compatible with
the standards generally accepted at the time of the publication. Nevertheless, it is difficult to ensure
that all information given is entirely accurate for all circumstances. The authors and the publisher
disclaim any liability, loss, or damage incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the use
and application of any of the contents of this volume.
Copyright © 2015, 2012 by Frederic H. Martini, Inc., Judi L. Nath, LLC, and Edwin F. Bartholomew,
Inc. Published by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 1301
Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of
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of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.
MasteringA&P®, A&P Flix™, Practice Anatomy Lab™ (PAL™), and Interactive Physiology® are trade-
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Martini, Frederic, author.
Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology/Frederic H. Martini, Judi L. Nath, Edwin F. Bartholomew;
William C. Ober, art coordinator and illustrator; Claire E. Ober, illustrator; Kathleen Welch, clinical
consultant; Ralph T. Hutchings, biomedical photographer. — Tenth edition.
p.; cm.
Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-321-90907-7
ISBN-10: 0-321-90907-0
I. Nath, Judi Lindsley, author. II. Bartholomew, Edwin F., author. III. Title.
IV. Title: Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology.
[DNLM: 1. Anatomy. 2. Physiology. QS 4]
QP34.5
612—dc23 2013037105
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—DOW—17 16 15 14 13
0-321-90907-0 (Student edition)
978-0321-90907-7 (Student edition)
0-321-93968-9 (Exam Copy)
978-0321-93968-5 (Exam Copy)
Text and Illustration Team
Frederic (Ric) H. Martini, Ph.D. Judi L. Nath, Ph.D.
Author Author
Dr. Martini received his Ph.D. from Dr. Judi Nath is a biology professor at
Cornell University in comparative and Lourdes University, where she teaches
functional anatomy for work on the anatomy and physiology, pathophysi-
pathophysiology of stress. In addition to ology, and medical terminology. She
professional publications that include received her Bachelor’s and Master’s
journal articles and contributed chapters, technical reports, degrees from Bowling Green State University and her Ph.D.
and magazine articles, he is the lead author of ten undergradu- from the University of Toledo. Dr. Nath is devoted to her stu-
ate texts on anatomy and physiology or anatomy. Dr. Martini is dents and strives to convey the intricacies of science in captivat-
currently affiliated with the University of Hawaii at Manoa and ing ways that are meaningful, interactive, and exciting. She has
has a long-standing bond with the Shoals Marine Laboratory, won the Faculty Excellence Award—an accolade recognizing
a joint venture between Cornell University and the University effective teaching, scholarship, and community service—multiple
of New Hampshire. He has been active in the Human Anatomy times. She is active in many professional organizations, no-
and Physiology Society (HAPS) for over 20 years and was a tably the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS),
member of the committee that established the course curricu- where she has served several terms on the board of direc-
lum guidelines for A&P. He is now a President Emeritus of HAPS tors. Dr. Nath is a coauthor of Visual Anatomy & Physiology,
after serving as President-Elect, President, and Past-President Visual Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, and Anatomy & Physi-
over 2005–2007. Dr. Martini is also a member of the American ology (all published by Pearson), and she is the sole author
Physiological Society, the American Association of Anato- of Using Medical Terminology. Her favorite charities are those
mists, the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, the that have significantly affected her life, including the local
Australia/New Zealand Association of Clinical Anatomists, Humane Society, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, and the
the Hawaii Academy of Science, the American Association for ALS Association. On a personal note, Dr. Nath enjoys family
the Advancement of Science, and the International Society of life with her husband and their dogs.
Vertebrate Morphologists.
Edwin F. Bartholomew, M.S. William C. Ober, M.D.
Author Art Coordinator and Illustrator
Edwin F. Bartholomew received his Dr. Ober received his undergraduate
undergraduate degree from Bowling degree from Washington and Lee
Green State University in Ohio and his University and his M.D. from the
M.S. from the University of Hawaii. University of Virginia. He also studied
Mr. Bartholomew has taught human in the Department of Art as Applied
anatomy and physiology at both the secondary and undergrad- to Medicine at Johns Hopkins Univer-
uate levels and a wide variety of other science courses (from sity. After graduation, Dr. Ober completed a residency in Fam-
botany to zoology) at Maui Community College and at his- ily Practice and later was on the faculty at the University of
toric Lahainaluna High School, the oldest high school west of Virginia in the Department of Family Medicine and in the
the Rockies. He is a coauthor of Visual Anatomy & Physiology, Department of Sports Medicine. He also served as Chief of
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, Visual Essentials of Anatomy Medicine of Martha Jefferson Hospital in Charlottesville, VA.
& Physiology, Structure and Function of the Human Body, and The He is currently a Visiting Professor of Biology at Washington
Human Body in Health and Disease (all published by Pearson). and Lee University, where he has taught several courses and
Mr. Bartholomew is a member of the Human Anatomy and led student trips to the Galapagos Islands. He was on the
Physiology Society (HAPS), the National Association of Biol- Core Faculty at Shoals Marine Laboratory for 24 years, where
ogy Teachers, the National Science Teachers Association, the he taught Biological Illustration every summer. Dr. Ober
Hawaii Science Teachers Association, and the American Asso- has collaborated with Dr. Martini on all of his textbooks in
ciation for the Advancement of Science. every edition.
iii
iv Text and Illustration Team
Claire E. Ober, R.N. Ralph T. Hutchings
Illustrator Biomedical Photographer
Claire E. Ober, R.N., B.A., practiced fam- Mr. Hutchings was associated with the
ily, pediatric, and obstetric nursing be- Royal College of Surgeons for 20 years.
fore turning to medical illustration as a An engineer by training, he has focused
full-time career. She returned to school for years on photographing the struc-
at Mary Baldwin College, where she re- ture of the human body. The result
ceived her degree with distinction in studio art. Following a has been a series of color atlases, including the Color Atlas of
five-year apprenticeship, she has worked as Dr. Ober’s partner Human Anatomy, the Color Atlas of Surface Anatomy, and The
in Medical & Scientific Illustration since 1986. She was on the Human Skeleton (all published by Mosby-Yearbook Publishing).
Core Faculty at Shoals Marine Laboratory and co-taught the For his anatomical portrayal of the human body, the Interna-
Biological Illustration course with Dr. Ober for 24 years. The tional Photographers Association has chosen Mr. Hutchings as
textbooks illustrated by Medical & Scientific Illustration have the best photographer of humans in the twentieth century. He
won numerous design and illustration awards. lives in North London, where he tries to balance the demands
of his photographic assignments with his hobbies of early
Kathleen Welch, M.D. motor cars and airplanes.
Clinical Consultant
Ruth Anne O’Keefe, M.D.
Dr. Welch received her B.A. from the
Clinical Contributor
University of Wisconsin–Madison, her
M.D. from the University of Washington Dr. O’Keefe did her undergraduate stud-
in Seattle, and did her residency in Fam- ies at Marquette University, attended
ily Practice at the University of North graduate school at the University of
Carolina in Chapel Hill. Participating in the Seattle WWAMI Wisconsin, and received her M.D. from
rural medical education program, she studied in Fairbanks, George Washington University. She
Anchorage, and Juneau, Alaska, with time in Boise, Idaho, and was the first woman to study orthopedics at The Ohio State
Anacortes, Washington, as well. For two years, she served as University during her residency. She did fellowship training in
Director of Maternal and Child Health at the LBJ Tropical trauma surgery at Loma Linda University in California. In ad-
Medical Center in American Samoa and subsequently was a dition to her private orthopedic practice, she has done ortho-
member of the Department of Family Practice at the Kaiser pedic surgery around the world, taking her own surgical teams
Permanente Clinic in Lahaina, Hawaii, and on the staff at Maui to places such as the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Peru,
Memorial Hospital. She has been in private practice since 1987 New Zealand, and Burkina Faso. She serves on the board of
and is licensed to practice in Hawaii and Washington State. Global Health Partnerships, a group that partners with a clinic
Dr. Welch is a Fellow of the American Academy of Family serving 35,000 people in remote Kenya. Dr. O’Keefe has al-
Practice and a member of the Maui County Medical Society ways enjoyed teaching and now supervises medical students
and the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS). from the University of New Mexico doing ongoing research
With Dr. Martini, she has coauthored both a textbook on anat- in Kenya. She lives in Albuquerque with her Sweet Ed. She
omy and physiology and the A&P Applications Manual. She and is mother of four, grandmother of nine, and foster mother
Dr. Martini were married in 1979, and they have one son. to many.
Preface
The Tenth Edition of Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology is a of facts and concepts. If students cannot answer these ques-
comprehensive textbook that fulfills the needs of today’s stu- tions within a matter of minutes, then they should reread
dents while addressing the concerns of their professors. We fo- the section before moving on. The Checkpoints reinforce
cused our attention on the question “How can we make this the Learning Outcomes, resulting in a systematic integra-
information meaningful, manageable, and comprehensible?” tion of the Learning Outcomes over the course of the
During the revision process, we drew upon our content knowl- chapter. Answers to the Checkpoints are located in the blue
edge, research skills, artistic talents, and years of classroom ex- Answers tab at the back of the book.
perience to make this edition the best yet. Easier narrative uses simpler, shorter, more active sen-
The broad changes to this edition are presented in the New tences and a reading level that makes reading and studying
to the Tenth Edition section below, and the specific changes easier for students.
are presented in the Chapter-by-Chapter Changes in the
Improved text-art integration throughout the illustration
Tenth Edition section that follows.
program enhances the readability of figures. Several tables
have been integrated directly into figures to help students
New to the Tenth Edition make direct connections between tables and art.
Eponyms are now included within the narrative, along
In addition to the many technical changes in this edition, such
with the anatomical terms used in Terminologia Anatomica.
as updated statistics and anatomy and physiology descriptions,
NEW Assignable MasteringA&P activities include the
we have made the following key changes:
following:
NEW 50 Spotlight Figures provide highly visual one- and
two-page presentations of tough topics in the book, with NEW Spotlight Figure Coaching Activities are highly
a particular focus on physiology. In the Tenth Edition, 18 visual, assignable activities designed to bring interac-
new Spotlight Figures have been added for a total of 50 tivity to the Spotlight Figures in the book. Multi-part
across the chapters. There is now at least one Spotlight activities include the ranking and sorting types that ask
Figure in every chapter, as well as one Spotlight Figure cor- students to manipulate the visuals.
responding to every A&P Flix. NEW Book-specific Clinical Case Activities stem from
NEW 29 Clinical Cases get students motivated for their the story-based Clinical Cases that appear at the begin-
future careers. Each chapter opens with a story-based Clini- ning and end of each chapter in the book.
cal Case related to the chapter content and ends with a NEW Adaptive Follow-up Assignments allow instruc-
Clinical Case Wrap-Up that incorporates the deeper con- tors to easily assign personalized content for each in-
tent knowledge students will have gained from the chapter. dividual student based on strengths and weaknesses
NEW The repetition of the chapter-opening Learning identified by his or her performance on MasteringA&P
Outcomes below the coordinated section headings parent assignments.
within the chapters underscores the connection between NEW Dynamic Study Modules help students acquire,
the HAPS-based Learning Outcomes and the associated retain, and recall information quickly and efficiently.
teaching points. Author Judi Nath sat on the Human The modules are available as a self-study tool or can be
Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) committee that assigned by the instructor. They can be easily accessed
developed the HAPS Learning Outcomes, recommended with smartphones.
to A&P instructors, and the Learning Outcomes in this
book are based on them. Additionally, the assessments in
Chapter-by-Chapter Changes in the
MasteringA&P are organized by these Learning Outcomes.
As in the previous edition, full-sentence section headings, Tenth Edition
correlated with the Learning Outcomes, state a core fact or
concept to help students readily see and learn the chapter This annotated Table of Contents provides select examples of
content; and Checkpoints, located at the close of each sec- revision highlights in each chapter of the Tenth Edition. For
tion, ask students to pause and check their understanding a more complete list of changes, please contact the publisher.
v
vi Preface
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology • Clinical Note: Decubitus Ulcers revised with new photo
• New Clinical Case: Using A&P to Save a Life • New Figure 5–8 Reticular Layer of Dermis
• New Spotlight Figure 1–10 Diagnostic Imaging Techniques • Figure 5–10 Dermal Circulation revised
• New Clinical Note: Autopsies and Cadaver Dissection • Figure 5–12 Hair Follicles and Hairs revised
• New Clinical Note: Auscultation • New Figure 5–11 Hypodermis
• Figure 1–7 Directional References revised
Chapter 6: Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure
• Figure 1–8 Sectional Planes revised
• New Clinical Case: A Case of Child Abuse?
• Figure 1–9 Relationships among the Subdivisions of the Body
• Figure 6–1 A Classification of Bones by Shape revised
Cavities of the Trunk revised
• New Figure 6–2 An Introduction to Bone Markings incorporates
Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization old Table 6–1
• New Clinical Case: What Is Wrong with My Baby? • New Spotlight Figure 6–11 Endochondral Ossification incor-
• New Clinical Note: Radiation Sickness porates old Figure 6–10
• Clinical Note: Fatty Acids and Health revised • New Figure 6–12 Intramembranous Ossification
• Section 2-2 includes revised Molecular weight discussion • Spotlight Figure 6–16 Types of Fractures and Steps in Repair
revised
• Figure 2–4 The Formation of Ionic Bonds revised
• Clinical Note: Abnormal Bone Development revised
• Figure 2–5 Covalent Bonds in Five Common Molecules revised
• Table 2–3 Important Functional Groups of Organic Compounds Chapter 7: The Axial Skeleton
revised (to clarify structural group and R group) • New Clinical Case: Knocked Out
• Protein Structure subsection includes new discussion of amino • New Clinical Note: Sinusitis
acids as zwitterions
• Figure 7–2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull revised
• Figure 2–21 Protein Structure revised
• Figure 7–3 The Adult Skull revised to incorporate old Table 7–1
Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization • New Spotlight Figure 7–4 Sectional Anatomy of the Skull
• New Clinical Case: When Your Heart Is in the Wrong Place incorporates old Figure 7–4 and parts of old Table 7–1
• New information added about cholesterol and other lipids • Figure 7–6 The Frontal Bone revised
• New overview added about roles of microtubules • Figure 7–14 The Nasal Complex revised
• Figure 3–5 The Endoplasmic Reticulum revised • Figure 7–22 The Thoracic Cage revised
• Clinical Note on DNA Fingerprinting revised Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton
• Figure 3–13 The Process of Translation revised • New Clinical Case: The Orthopedic Surgeon’s Nightmare
• Figure 3–14 Diffusion revised • New Clinical Note: Hip Fracture
• Figure 3–17 Osmotic Flow across a Plasma Membrane revised • New Clinical Note: Runner’s Knee
• New Spotlight Figure 3–22 Overview of Membrane Transport • New Clinical Note: Stress Fractures
incorporates old Figures 3–18, 3–19, and 3–21 and old
• Carpal Bones subsection now lists the 8 carpal bones in two
Table 3–2
groups of 4 (proximal and distal carpal bones)
• New Spotlight Figure 3–23 DNA Replication incorporates old
• Figure 8–6 Bones of the Right Wrist and Hand revised
Figure 3–23
• New Spotlight Figure 8–10 Sex Differences in the Human
• Spotlight Figure 3–24 Stages in a Cell’s Life Cycle revised
Skeleton incorporates old Figure 8–10, old Table 8–1, and
Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization old bulleted list in text
• New Clinical Case: The Rubber Girl • Clinical Note: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome includes new illustration
• Intercellular Connections subsection updated • Figure 8–14 Bones of the Ankle and Foot revised
• Figure 4–2 Cell Junctions revised • Clinical Note: Congenital Talipes Equinovarus includes
new photo
• Figure 4–8 The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper
revised Chapter 9: Joints
• Adipose Tissue subsection includes updated discussion • Chapter title changed from Articulations to Joints
of brown fat
• New Clinical Case: What’s Ailing the Birthday Girl?
• Figure 4–10 Loose Connective Tissues revised
• New Clinical Note: Dislocation and Subluxation
• Spotlight Figure 4–20 Inflammation and Regeneration revised
• New Clinical Note: Damage to Intervertebral Discs
Chapter 5: The Integumentary System • Table 9–1 Functional and Structural Classifications of Articula-
• New Clinical Case: Skin Cells in Overdrive tions redesigned
• Figure 5–1 The Components of the Integumentary System revised • Spotlight Figure 9–2 Joint Movement incorporates old Figures
• New Figure 5–2 The Cutaneous Membrane and Accessory 9–2 and 9–6 and subsection on Types of Synovial Joints
Structures • Revised discussion of synovial fluid function in shock absorption
• New Spotlight Figure 5–3 The Epidermis incorporates old • Figure 9–6 Intervertebral Articulations expanded
Figures 5–2 and 5–3 • Figure 9–7 The Shoulder Joint revised
• New Figure 5–5 Vitiligo • Figure 9–10 The Right Knee Joint rearranged and revised
• New Figure 5–6 Sources of Vitamin D • Clinical Note: Knee Injuries revised
3
Preface vii
Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue • New Spotlight Figure 13–14 Spinal Reflexes incorporates old
• New Clinical Case: A Real Eye Opener Figures 13–15, 13–17, 13–19, and 13–20
• New subsection Electrical Impulses and Excitable Membranes
Chapter 14: The Brain and Cranial Nerves
added in Section 10-4
• New Clinical Case: The Neuroanatomist’s Stroke
• New Spotlight Figure 10–10 Excitation–Contraction Coupling
• New Spotlight Figure 14–4 Formation and Circulation of
incorporates old Figures 10–9 and 10–10
Cerebrospinal Fluid incorporates old Figure 14–4
• New Figure 10–13 Steps Involved in Skeletal Muscle Contraction
• Figure 14–5 The Diencephalon and Brain Stem revised
and Relaxation incorporates old Table 10–1
• New Figures 14–6 The Medulla Oblongata and 14–7 The Pons
• Treppe subsection includes new discussion of treppe in cardiac
incorporate old Figure 14–6 and old Table 14–2
muscle
• New Figure 14–8 The Cerebellum incorporates old Figure 14–7
• Motor Units and Tension Production subsection includes new
and old Table 14–3
discussion of fasciculation
• New Figure 14–9 The Midbrain incorporates old Figure 14–8, old
• Figure 10–20 Muscle Metabolism revised
Table 14–4, and a new cadaver photograph
• Table 10–2 Properties of Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types revised to
• New Figure 14–11 The Hypothalamus in Sagittal Section incorpo-
make column sequences better parallel text discussion
rates old Figure 14–10 and old Table 14–6
Chapter 11: The Muscular System • New Figure 14–12 The Limbic System incorporates old
• New Clinical Case: The Weekend Warrior Figure 14–11 and old Table 14–7
• Figure 11–1 Muscle Types Based on Pattern of Fascicle Organiza- • Figure 14–14 Fibers of the White Matter of the Cerebrum revised
tion revised • Figure 14–15 The Basal Nuclei revised
• Figure 11–2 The Three Classes of Levers revised • Figure 14–16 Motor and Sensory Regions of the Cerebral Cortex
• New Spotlight Figure 11–3 Muscle Action revised
• Figure 11–14 An Overview of the Appendicular Muscles of the • New information on circumventricular organs added to Section 14-2
Trunk revised
Chapter 15: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic Nervous System
• Figure 11–18 Muscles That Move the Hand and Fingers revised
• New Clinical Case: Living with Cerebral Palsy
• Figure 11–22 Extrinsic Muscles That Move the Foot and Toes
• New Figure 15–1 An Overview of Events Occurring along the
revised
Sensory and Motor Pathways
Chapter 12: Neural Tissue • New Figure 15–3 Tonic and Phasic Sensory Receptors
• New Clinical Case: Did President Franklin D. Roosevelt Really • Spotlight Figure 15–6 Somatic Sensory Pathways revised
Have Polio? • Figure 15–8 Descending (Motor) Tracts in the Spinal Cord
• New Figure 12–1 A Functional Overview of the Nervous System reorganized
• Figure 12–7 Schwann Cells, Peripheral Axons, and Formation of
Chapter 16: The Autonomic Nervous System and Higher-Order
the Myelin Sheath revised and new part c step art added
Functions
• New Spotlight Figure 12–9 Resting Membrane Potential incor-
porates old Figure 12–9 • New Clinical Case: The First Day in Anatomy Lab
• Figure 12–10 Electrochemical Gradients for Potassium and • New Spotlight Figure 16–2 Overview of the Autonomic
Sodium Ions revised Nervous System incorporates old Figures 16–3 and 16–7
• Added ligand-gated channels as an alternative term for chemi- • Figure 16–3 Sites of Ganglia in Sympathetic Pathways revised
cally gated channels • Figure 16–4 The Distribution of Sympathetic Innervation revised
• New Spotlight Figure 12–15 Propagation of an Action
Chapter 17: The Special Senses
Potential incorporates old Figures 12–6 and 12–15
• New Clinical Case: A Chance to See
• New Figure 12–16 Events in the Functioning of a Cholinergic
• Figure 17–1 The Olfactory Organs revised
Synapse incorporates old Figure 12–17 and old Table 12–4
• Spotlight Figure 17–2 Olfaction and Gustation revised
Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal Reflexes • Figure 17–3 Gustatory Receptors revised
• New Clinical Case: Prom Night • Figure 17–22 The Middle Ear revised
• New “Tips & Tricks” added to Cervical Plexus subsection • Figures 17–23, 17–24, and 17–25 revised to indicate different
• Figure 13–7 Dermatomes revised orientations of maculae in the utricle and saccule
• New information on the Jendrassik maneuver added to Section 13-8 • Figure 17–32 Pathways for Auditory Sensations revised
• New Figure 13–10 The Cervical Plexus incorporates old Table 13–1
Chapter 18: The Endocrine System
and old Figure 13–11
• New Clinical Case: Stones, Bones, and Groans
• New Figure 13–11 The Brachial Plexus incorporates old Table 13–2
and old Figure 13–12 • New Spotlight Figure 18–3 G Proteins and Second Messengers
incorporates old Figure 18–3
• New in-art Clinical Note: Sensory Innervation in the Hand added
to Figure 13–11 • Figure 18–7 The Hypophyseal Portal System and the Blood
Supply to the Pituitary Gland revised
• New Figure 13–12 The Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses incorporates
old Table 13–3 and old Figure 13–13 • Figure 18–11 The Thyroid Follicles revised
• New in-art Clinical Note: Sensory Innervation in the Ankle and • New Figure 18–14 The Adrenal Gland incorporates old
Foot added to Figure 13–12 Figure 18–14 and old Table 18–5