Fundamentals of Air Pollution

595 Pages·1994·20.953 MB·English

by  Richard W. Boubel, Donald L. Fox, Bruce Turner, Arthur C. Stern

Fundamentals
of Air Pollution
THIRD EDITION
RICHARD W. BOUBEL
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon
DONALD L. FOX
Department of Environmental Science
School of Public Health
University of North Carolina
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
D. BRUCE TURNER
Trinity Consultants, Inc.
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
ARTHUR C. STERN
(14 March 1909-17 April 1992)
Fundamentals
of
Air Pollution
THIRD EDITION
ACADEMIC PRESS
San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Cover photograph: Testing an air pollution source for particulate emissions.
Photo courtesy of BWR Associates, Medford, Oregon
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright 1994, 1984, 1973, Elsevier (USA)
All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fundamentals of air pollution / Richard W. Boubel... {et al.}. -3rd ed
p. cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-12-118930-9
I. Air—Pollution. 2. Air—Pollution—Law and legislation—United States.
1 Boubel, Richard W. (Richard William), DATE.
TD883.F86 1994
363.73'92—dc20 94-2121
CIP
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
03 04 05 06 9 8 7 65
Dedication
Dedicated to Arthur C. Stern, the pioneer in air pollution science and
engineering, by three humble followers. He was our mentor, taskmaster,
and friend.
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Contents
PREFACE xvii
Part I
The Elements of Air Pollution
1 The History of Air Pollution
I. Before the Industrial Revolution 3
II. The Industrial Revolution 4
III. The Twentieth Century 8
IV. The 1980s 14
V, The 1990s 15
VI. The Future 16
References 16
Suggested Reading 18
Questions 18
2 The Natural versus Polluted Atmosphere
I. The Atmosphere 19
II. Unpolluted Air 20
III. Particulate Matter 22
IV. Concepts 29
vii
viii Contents
References 33
Suggested Reading 33
Questions 33
3 Scales of the Air Pollution Problem
I. Local 35
II. Urban 36
III. Regional 37
IV. Continental 38
V. Global 38
Suggested Reading 39
Questions 39
4 Air Quality
I. Averaging Time 41
II. Cycles 43
III. Primary and Secondary Pollutants 44
IV. Measurement Systems 47
V. Air Quality Levels 48
Reference 59
Suggested Reading 59
Questions 59
5 The Philosophy of Air Pollution Control
I. Strategy and Tactics—The Air Pollution System 61
II. Episode Control 62
III. Air Quality Management Control Strategy 66
IV. Alternative Control Strategies 68
V. Economic Considerations 70
Reference 71
Suggested Reading 71
Questions 71
6 Sources of Air Pollution
I. General 72
II. Combustion 78
III. Stationary Sources 81
IV. Mobile Sources 91
V. Emission Inventory 92
References 95
Suggested Reading 96
Questions 96
Contents ix
Part II
The Effects of Air Pollution
7 Effects on Human Health and Welfare
1. Air-Water-Soil Interactions 99
II. Total Body Burden 101
III. The Human Respiratory System 103
IV. Impact of Air Pollution on Humans 106
V. Impact of Odor on Humans 108
References 108
Suggested Reading 109
Questions 109
8 Effects on Vegetation and Animals
I. Injury versus Damage 110
II. Effects on Vegetation and Crops 112
III. Effects on Forests 116
IV. Effects on Animals 121
References 124
Suggested Reading 125
Questions 125
9 Effects on Materials and Structures
I. Effects on Metals 126
II. Effects on Stone 129
III. Effects on Fabrics and Dyes 130
IV. Effects on Leather, Paper, Paint, and Glass 132
V. Effects on Rubber 133
References 134
Suggested Reading 135
Questions 135
10 Effects on the Atmosphere, Soil, and Water Bodies
I. The Physics of Visibility 136
II. Formation of Atmospheric Haze 144
III. Effects of Atmospheric Haze 146
IV. Visibility 148
V. Acidic Deposition 149
VI. Effects of Acidic Deposition 152
References 153
Suggested Reading 154
Questions 155