Fundamentals of Aerospace Navigation and Guidance

333 Pages·2014·1.34 MB·English

by  Pierre T. Kabamba

FUNDAMENTALS OF AEROSPACE NAVIGATION
AND GUIDANCE
This text covers fundamentals used in the navigation and guidance
of modern aerospace vehicles, in both atmospheric and space flight.
It can be used as a textbook supporting a graduate-level course on
aerospacenavigationandguidance,aguideforself-study,oraresource
forpracticingengineersandresearchers.
It begins with an introduction that discusses why navigation and
guidance ought to be considered together and delineates the class of
systemsofinterestinnavigationandguidance.Thebookthenpresents
thenecessaryfundamentalsindeterministicandstochasticsystemsthe-
oryandappliesthemtonavigation.Next,thebookconsidersguidance
problems under a variety of assumptions, leading to the scenarios of
homing,ballistic,andmidcourseguidance.Then,thebooktreatsopti-
mization and optimal control for application in optimal guidance. In
thefinalchapter,thebookintroducesproblemsinwhichtwocompet-
ing controls exercise authority over a system, leading to differential
games.FundamentalsofAerospaceNavigationandGuidancefeatures
examplesillustratingconceptsandhomeworkproblemsattheendof
allchapters.
PierreT.Kabambaiscurrentlyprofessorofaerospaceengineeringat
the University of Michigan. He received a PhD in mechanical engi-
neering from Columbia University in 1981 and joined the University
ofMichiganin1983.Hisareaofteachingandresearchisflightdynam-
ics and control systems. His awards include the Class of 1938 E Dis-
tinguished Service Award (from the University of Michigan), a Best
PaperSpecial Award (from the Society of Instrumentation andCon-
trolEngineers,Japan),andelectiontotherankofFellowofIEEE.He
iscoauthorofthetextbookQuasilinearControl(CambridgeUniversity
Press,2011).
Anouck R. Girard is currently associate professor of aerospace engi-
neering at the University of Michigan. She received a PhD in ocean
engineering from the University of California, Berkeley, in 2002 and
joined the University of Michigan in 2006. Her area of teaching and
researchisflightdynamicsandcontrolsystems.Herawardsincludethe
SilverShaftTeachingAward(fromtheUniversityofMichigan)anda
BestStudentPaperAward(fromtheAmericanSocietyofMechanical
Engineers).

CambridgeAerospaceSeries
Editors:
WeiShyyandVigorYang
1. J.M.RolfeandK.J.Staples(eds.):FlightSimulation
2. P.Berlin:TheGeostationaryApplicationsSatellite
3. M.J.T.Smith:AircraftNoise
4. N.X.Vinh:FlightMechanicsofHigh-PerformanceAircraft
5. W.A.MairandD.L.Birdsall:AircraftPerformance
6. M.J.AbzugandE.E.Larrabee:AirplaneStabilityandControl
7. M.J.Sidi:SpacecraftDynamicsandControl
8. J.D.Anderson:AHistoryofAerodynamics
9. A.M.Cruise,J.A.Bowles,C.V.Goodall,andT.J.Patrick:PrinciplesofSpace
InstrumentDesign
10. G.A.Khoury(ed.):AirshipTechnology,SecondEdition
11. J.P.Fielding:IntroductiontoAircraftDesign
12. J.G.Leishman:PrinciplesofHelicopterAerodynamics,SecondEdition
13. J.KatzandA.Plotkin:Low-SpeedAerodynamics,SecondEdition
14. M.J.AbzugandE.E.Larrabee:AirplaneStabilityandControl:AHistoryofthe
TechnologiesthatMadeAviationPossible,SecondEdition
15. D.H.HodgesandG.A.Pierce:IntroductiontoStructuralDynamicsand
Aeroelasticity,SecondEdition
16. W.Fehse:AutomaticRendezvousandDockingofSpacecraft
17. R.D.Flack:FundamentalsofJetPropulsionwithApplications
18. E.A.Baskharone:PrinciplesofTurbomachineryinAir-BreathingEngines
19. D.D.Knight:NumericalMethodsforHigh-SpeedFlows
20. C.A.Wagner,T.Hu¨ttl,andP.Sagaut(eds.):Large-EddySimulationforAcoustics
21. D.D.Joseph,T.Funada,andJ.Wang:PotentialFlowsofViscousandViscoelastic
Fluids
22. W.Shyy,Y.Lian,H.Liu,J.Tang,andD.Viieru:AerodynamicsofLowReynolds
NumberFlyers
23. J.H.Saleh:AnalysesforDurabilityandSystemDesignLifetime
24. B.K.Donaldson:AnalysisofAircraftStructures,SecondEdition
25. C.Segal:TheScramjetEngine:ProcessesandCharacteristics
26. J.F.Doyle:GuidedExplorationsoftheMechanicsofSolidsandStructures
27. A.K.Kundu:AircraftDesign
28. M.I.Friswell,J.E.T.Penny,S.D.Garvey,andA.W.Lees:DynamicsofRotating
Machines
29. B.A.Conway(ed):SpacecraftTrajectoryOptimization
30. R.J.AdrianandJ.Westerweel:ParticleImageVelocimetry
31. G.A.Flandro,H.M.McMahon,andR.L.Roach:BasicAerodynamics
32. H.BabinskyandJ.K.Harvey:ShockWave–Boundary-LayerInteractions
33. C.K.W.Tam:ComputationalAeroacoustics:AWaveNumberApproach
34. A.Filippone:AdvancedAircraftFlightPerformance
35. I.ChopraandJ.Sirohi:SmartStructuresTheory
36. W.Johnson:RotorcraftAeromechanics
37. W.Shyy,H.Aono,C.K.Kang,andH.Liu:AnIntroductiontoFlappingWing
Aerodynamics
38. T.C.LieuwenandV.Yang:GasTurbineEmissions
39. P.KabambaandA.Girard:FundamentalsofAerospaceNavigationandGuidance
40. R.M.Cummings,S.A.Morton,W.H.Masonand,D.R.McDaniel:Applied
ComputationalAerodynamics

Fundamentals of Aerospace Navigation
and Guidance
Pierre T. Kabamba
UniversityofMichiganatAnnArbor
Anouck R. Girard
UniversityofMichiganatAnnArbor
32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,NY10013-2473,USA
CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107070943
©PierreT.KabambaandAnouckR.Girard2014
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2014
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Kabamba,PierreT.,author.
Fundamentalsofaerospacenavigationandguidance/PierreT.Kabamba,University
ofMichigan,AnouckR.Girard,UniversityofMichigan.
pages cm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-107-07094-3(hardback)
1.Navigation(Astronautics) 2.Spacevehicles. 3.Trajectoryoptimization.
4.Spaceflight. I.Girard,Anouck. II.Title.
TL1065.K33 2014
629.1–dc23 2014009748
ISBN978-1-107-07094-3Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof
URLsforexternalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublication
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain,accurate
orappropriate.
Toourfamilies,Jose´phine,Monique,Orianne,andLouis,
Michael,Leo,andMia.
WithaspecialcommendationforMia,who,atagethreemonths,
listenedtotheformalread-throughofthewholebook.

Contents
Preface pagexv
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 PurposeandMotivation 1
1.2 ProblemStatement 2
1.3 ScopeoftheBook 3
1.3.1 SystemsTheory 3
1.3.2 ControlTheory 5
1.3.3 AerospaceApplications 6
1.4 Examples 6
1.4.1 TransoceanicJetlinerFlight 6
1.4.2 Intelligence,Surveillance,andReconnaissancewith
UnmannedAerialVehicle 6
1.4.3 HomingGuidanceofHeat-SeekingMissile 7
1.4.4 SpacecraftOrbitalManeuvers 9
1.4.5 InterplanetaryTravel 9
1.5 ContentoftheBook 12
1.6 SummaryofKeyResults 12
1.7 BibliographicNotesforFurtherReading 12
1.8 HomeworkProblems 12
2 DeterministicSystemsTheory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
2.1 LinearDynamicSystems 14
2.1.1 SystemLinearization 14
2.1.2 PropertiesofLinearDynamicSystems 21
2.2 Observability 26
2.3 TimeInvariantSystems 30
2.3.1 StabilityofLinearTimeInvariantSystems 33
2.3.2 BIBOStabilityofLinearTimeInvariantSystems 34
2.3.3 ObservabilityofLinearTimeInvariantSystems 35
2.4 TheMethodofAdjoints 37
2.5 ControllabilityandDuality 39
2.6 SummaryofKeyResults 42
ix