Fundamentals of Aerodynamics

792 Pages·1991·24.75 MB·English

by  John D. Anderson

FUNDAMENTALS OF AERODYNAMICS
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McGraw-Hill Series in Aeronautical and Aerospace Engineering
Consulting Editor
John D. Anderson, Jr., University of Maryland
Anderson: Fundamentals of Aerodynamics
Anderson: Hypersonic and High Temperature Gas Dynamics
Anderson: Introduction to Flight
Anderson: Modern Compressible Flow With Historical Perspective
D' Azzo and Houpis: Linear Control System Analysis and Design
Kane, Likins and Levinson: Spacecraft Dynamics
Katz and Plotkin: Low-Speed Aerodynamics: From Wing Theory to Panel Methods
Nelson: Flight Stability and Automatic Control
Peery and Azar: Aircraft Structures
Rivello: Theory and Analysis of Flight Structures
Schlichting: Boundary Layer Theory
White: Viscous Fluid Flow
Wiesel: Spaceflight Dynamics
FUNDAMENTALS OF
AERODYNAMICS
Second Edition
John D. Anderson, Jr.
Professor of Aerospace Engineering
University of Maryland
McGraw-Hill, Inc.
New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland
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This book was set in Tunes Roman.
The editors were Lyn Bearnesderfer and Eleanor Castellano;
the production supervisor was Janelle S. Travers.
The cover designer was Joan O·Connor.
New drawings were done by Oxford illustrators Limited.
Arcata GraphicsIHalliday was printer and binder.
FUNDAMENTALS OF AERODYNAMICS
Copyright © 1991, 1984 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United
States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976,
no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any
means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission
of the publisher.
234567890HALHAL954321
ISBN 0-07-001679-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Anderson, John David.
Fundamentals of aerodynamics/ John D. Anderson, Jr.-2nd ed.
p. cm.-(McGraw-Hill series in aeronautical and aerospace engineering)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-07-001679-8
1. Aerodynamics. I. Title. II. Series.
TL570.A677 1991
629. 132'3-dc20 90-42291
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
John D. Anderson, Jr., was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, on October 1, 1937.
He attended the University of Florida, graduating in 1959 with high honors and
a bachelor of aeronautical engineering degree. From 1959 to 1962, he was a
lieutenant and task scientist at the Aerospace Research Laboratory at Wright
Patterson Air Force Base. From 1962 to 1966, he attended the Ohio State
University under the National Science Foundation and NASA Fellowships,
graduating with a Ph.D. in aeronautical and astronautical engineering. In 1966,
he joined the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory as Chief of the Hypersonic Group.
In 1973, he became Chairman of the Department of Aerospace Engineering at
the University of Maryland, and since 1980 has been professor of Aerospace
Engineering at Maryland. In 1982, he was designated a Distinguished
Scholar/Teacher by the University. During 1986-1987, while on sabbatical from
the University, Dr. Anderson occupied the Charles Lindbergh chair at the
National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution.
Dr. Anderson has published five books: Gasdynamic Lasers: An Introduction,
Academic Press (1976), and under McGraw-Hill: Introduction to Flight (1978,
1985, and 1989), Modern Compressible Flow (1982 and 1990), Fundamentals of
Aerodynamics (1984 and 1990), and Hypersonic and High Temperature Gas
Dynamics (1989). He is the author of over 90 papers on radiative gas dynamics,
reentry aerothermodynamics, gas dynamic and chemical lasers, computational
fluid dynamics, applied aerodynamics, and hypersonic flow. Dr. Anderson is in
lVho's lVho in America, and is a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics
and Astronautics. He is also a fellow of the Washington Academy of Sciences,
and a member of Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Tau, Phi Kappa Phi, Phi Eta Sigma, the
American Society for Engineering Education, and the American Physical Society.
In 1989, he was awarded the John Leland Atwood Medal for excellence in
Aerospace Engineering Education, given jointly by the American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics and the American Society for Engineering Edu
cation.

DEDICATED TO MY FAMILY
Sarah-Allen, Katherine, and Elizabeth

CONTENTS
Preface to the Second Edition xv
Preface to the First Edition xvii
Part 1 Fundamental Principles
Chapter 1 Aerodynamics: Some Introductory Thoughts 3
1.1 Importance of Aerodynamics: Historical Examples 3
1.2 Aerodynamics: Classification and Practical Objectives 10
1.3 Road Map for This Chapter 12
1.4 Some Fundamental Aerodynamic Variables 12
1.5 Aerodynamic Forces and Moments 15
1.6 Center of Pressure 28
1.7 Dimensional Analysis: The Buckingham Pi Theorem 30
1.8 Flow Similarity 36
1.9 Fluid Statics: Buoyancy Force 41
1.10 Types of Flow 48
1.11 Applied Aerodynamics: The Aerodynamic Coefficients-
Their Magnitudes and Variations 54
1.12 Historical Note: The Illusive Center of Pressure 66
1.13 Summary 70
Problems 71
Chapter 2 Aerodynamics: Some Fundamental
Principles and Equations 75
2.1 Introduction and Road Map 75
2.2 Review of Vector Relations 76
2.3 Models of the Fluid: Control Volumes and Fluid Elements 88
2.4 Continuity Equation 92
2.5 Momentum Equation 97
ix
X CONTENTS
2.6 An Application of the Momentum Equation: Drag of a
Two-Dimensional Body 102
2.7 Energy Equation 111
2.8 Interim Summary 116
2.9 Substantial Derivative 117
2.10 Fundamental Equations in Terms of the Substantial
Derivative 120
2.11 Pathlines and Streamlines of a Flow 122
2.12 Angular Velocity, Vorticity, and Strain 126
2.13 Circulation 135
2.14 Stream Function 138
2.15 Velocity Potential 142
2.16 Relationship between the Stream Function and Velocity
Potential 143
2.17 Summary 144
Problems 148
Part II Inviscid, Incompressible Flow
Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Inviscid, Incompressible
Flow 153
3.1 Introduction and Road Map 153
3.2 Bernoulli's Equation 156
3.3 Incompressible Flow in a Duct: The Venturi and
Low-Speed Wind Tunnel 160
3.4 Pitot Tube: Measurement of Airspeed 170
3.5 Pressure Coefficient 174
3.6 Condition on Velocity for Incompressible Flow 177
3.7 Governing Equation for Irrotational, Incompressible Flow:
Laplace's Equation 178
3.8 Interim Summary 182
3.9 Uniform Flow: Our First Elementary Flow 182
3.10 Source Flow: Our Second Elementary Flow 185
3.11 Combination of a Uniform Flow with a Source and Sink 189
3.12 Doublet Flow: Our Third Elementary Flow 192
3.13 Nonlifting Flow over a Circular Cylinder 195
3.14 Vortex Flow: Our Fourth Elementary Flow 200
3.15 Lifting Flow over a Cylinder 204
3.16 The Kutta-loukowski Theorem and the Generation of Lift 216
3.17 Nonlifting Flows over Arbitrary Bodies: The Numerical
Source Panel Method 218
3.18 Applied Aerodynamics: The Flow over a Circular
Cylinder-The Real Case 228
3.19 Historical Note: Bernouli and Euler-The Origins
of Theoretical Fluid Dynamics 236
3.20 Historical Note: d' Alembert and His Paradox 241
3.21 Summary 242
Problems 245