Fundamentals and applications of ultrasonic waves

473 Pages·2012·13.2 MB·English

by  Cheeke

Electrical Engineering
Cheeke
Second Edition
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Fundamentals and u
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Applications of m
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Ultrasonic Waves t
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Written at an intermediate level in a way that is easy to understand, Fundamentals and

Applications of Ultrasonic Waves, Second Edition provides an up-to-date exposition A
of ultrasonics and some of its main applications. Designed specifically for newcomers to p
the field, this fully updated second edition emphasizes underlying physical concepts over p
mathematics. l
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The first half covers the fundamentals of ultrasonic waves for isotropic media. Starting with a
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bulk liquid and solid media, discussion extends to surface and plate effects, at which point
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the author introduces new modes such as Rayleigh and Lamb waves. This focus on only
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isotropic media simplifies the usually complex mathematics involved, enabling a clearer
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understanding of the underlying physics to avoid the complicated tensorial description

characteristic of crystalline media. o
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The second part of the book addresses a broad spectrum of industrial and research U
applications, including quartz crystal resonators, surface acoustic wave devices, MEMS l
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and microacoustics, and acoustic sensors. It also provides a broad discussion on the use of r
ultrasonics for non-destructive evaluation. The author concentrates on the developing area a
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of microacoustics, including exciting new work on the use of probe microscopy techniques
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in nanotechnology.
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Focusing on the physics of acoustic waves, as well as their propagation, technology, c

and applications, this book addresses viscoelasticity and multiple scattering. It updates
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coverage of ultrasonics in nature and developments in sonoluminescence, and it
also compares new technologies, including use of atomic force acoustic microscopy a
and lasers. Highlighting both direct and indirect applications for readers working in v
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neighboring disciplines, the author presents particularly important sections on the use
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of microacoustics and acoustic nanoprobes in next-generation devices and instruments.
Second
K12559 Edition
ISBN: 978-1-4398-5494-5
90000
9 781439 854945
K12559_COVER_final.indd 1 6/1/12 1:11 PM

Second Edition
Fundamentals and
Applications of
Ultrasonic Waves

Second Edition
Fundamentals and
Applications of
Ultrasonic Waves
J. David N. Cheeke
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
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Version Date: 20120518
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-5498-3 (eBook - PDF)
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Contents
Preface to the Second Edition ..........................................................................................................xv
Acknowledgments ..........................................................................................................................xvii
About the Author ............................................................................................................................xix
Chapter 1 Ultrasonics: An Overview ............................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................1
1.2 Ultrasonics in Nature .........................................................................................3
1.3 Historical Development .....................................................................................6
1.4 Physical Acoustics .............................................................................................7
1.5 Low-Frequency Bulk Acoustic Wave Applications ...........................................8
1.6 Surface Acoustic Waves ....................................................................................9
1.7 Piezoelectric Materials ......................................................................................9
1.8 High-Power Ultrasonics ..................................................................................10
1.9 Medical Ultrasonics .........................................................................................10
1.10 Acousto-Optics ................................................................................................11
1.11 Underwater Acoustics and Seismology ...........................................................11
References ..................................................................................................................11
Chapter 2 Introduction to Vibrations and Waves ........................................................................13
2.1 Vibrations ........................................................................................................13
2.1.1 Vibrational Energy .............................................................................15
2.1.2 Exponential Solutions: Phasors ..........................................................15
2.1.3 Damped Oscillations ..........................................................................16
2.1.4 Forced Oscillations .............................................................................17
2.1.5 Phasors and Linear Superposition of Simple Harmonic Motion .......19
2.1.6 Fourier Analysis .................................................................................21
2.1.7 Nonperiodic Waves: Fourier Integral .................................................22
2.2 Wave Motion ....................................................................................................24
2.2.1 Harmonic Waves ................................................................................26
2.2.2 Plane Waves in Three Dimensions .....................................................27
2.2.3 Dispersion, Group Velocity, and Wave Packets .................................28
Summary ....................................................................................................................30
Questions ....................................................................................................................30
Reference ....................................................................................................................31
Chapter 3 Bulk Waves in Fluids .................................................................................................33
3.1 One-Dimensional Theory of Fluids ................................................................33
3.1.1 Sound Velocity ...................................................................................35
3.1.1.1 Gases ...................................................................................36
3.1.1.2 Liquids ................................................................................37
3.1.2 Acoustic Impedance ...........................................................................38
3.1.3 Energy Density ...................................................................................39
3.1.4 Acoustic Intensity ...............................................................................40
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vi Contents
3.2 Three-Dimensional Model ..............................................................................40
3.2.1 Acoustic Poynting Vector ...................................................................42
3.2.2 Attenuation .........................................................................................43
3.2.2.1 Decibel Scale of Attenuation ..............................................44
3.2.2.2 Relaxation Time Formulation for Viscosity .......................44
3.2.2.3 Attenuation Due to Viscosity ..............................................45
3.2.2.4 Attenuation Due to Thermal Conduction ...........................46
3.2.2.5 Molecular Relaxation ..........................................................47
Summary ....................................................................................................................48
Questions ....................................................................................................................48
References ..................................................................................................................49
Chapter 4 Introduction to the Theory of Elasticity .....................................................................51
4.1 A Short Introduction to Tensors ......................................................................51
4.2 Strain Tensor ....................................................................................................52
4.3 Stress Tensor ....................................................................................................55
4.4 Thermodynamics of Deformation ...................................................................56
4.5 Hooke’s Law ....................................................................................................57
4.6 Other Elastic Constants ...................................................................................61
Summary ....................................................................................................................63
Questions ....................................................................................................................64
References ..................................................................................................................64
Chapter 5 Bulk Acoustic Waves in Solids ..................................................................................65
5.1 1D Model of Solids ..........................................................................................65
5.2 Wave Equation in Three Dimensions ..............................................................67
5.3 Material Properties ..........................................................................................70
5.4 Viscoelastic Solids ...........................................................................................74
5.4.1 Viscoelastic Models............................................................................75
5.4.2 Wave Propagation ...............................................................................77
Summary ....................................................................................................................78
Questions ....................................................................................................................78
References ..................................................................................................................79
Chapter 6 Finite Beams: Radiation, Diffraction, and Scattering ................................................81
6.1 Radiation..........................................................................................................81
6.1.1 Point Source .......................................................................................81
6.1.2 Radiation from a Circular Piston .......................................................84
6.1.2.1 Fraunhofer (Far-Field) Region ............................................84
6.1.2.2 Fresnel (Near-Field) Approximation ..................................89
6.2 Scattering .........................................................................................................91
6.2.1 The Cylinder .......................................................................................92
6.2.2 The Sphere ..........................................................................................93
6.3 Focused Acoustic Waves .................................................................................94
6.4 Radiation Pressure ...........................................................................................96
6.5 Doppler Effect .................................................................................................97
Summary ....................................................................................................................99
Questions ....................................................................................................................99
References ................................................................................................................100
Contents vii
Chapter 7 Reflection and Transmission of Ultrasonic Waves at Interfaces ..............................101
7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................101
7.2 Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence ........................................103
7.2.1 Standing Waves ................................................................................105
7.2.2 Reflection from a Layer ....................................................................107
7.3 Oblique Incidence: Fluid–Fluid Interface .....................................................108
7.3.1 Symmetry Considerations ................................................................111
7.4 Fluid–Solid Interface .....................................................................................111
7.5 Solid–Solid Interface .....................................................................................120
7.5.1 Solid–Solid Interface: SH Modes .....................................................120
7.5.2 Reflection at a Free Solid Boundary ................................................121
Summary ..................................................................................................................122
Questions ..................................................................................................................122
References ................................................................................................................123
Chapter 8 Rayleigh Waves ........................................................................................................125
8.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................125
8.2 Rayleigh Wave Propagation ...........................................................................125
8.3 Fluid-Loaded Surface ....................................................................................130
8.3.1 Beam Displacement ..........................................................................134
8.3.2 Lateral Waves: Summary of Leaky Rayleigh Waves .......................137
8.3.3 Stoneley Waves at a Liquid–Solid Interface.....................................137
Summary ..................................................................................................................138
Questions ..................................................................................................................139
References ................................................................................................................139
Chapter 9 Lamb Waves .............................................................................................................141
9.1 Potential Method for Lamb Waves ................................................................141
9.2 Fluid-Loading Effects ...................................................................................147
9.2.1 Fluid-Loaded Plate: One Side ..........................................................147
9.2.2 Fluid-Loaded Plate: Same Fluid Both Sides ....................................148
9.2.3 Fluid-Loaded Plate: Different Fluids ...............................................148
9.2.4 Fluid-Loaded Solid Cylinder ............................................................149
9.2.5 Fluid-Loaded Tubes ..........................................................................149
Summary ..................................................................................................................150
Questions ..................................................................................................................150
References ................................................................................................................150
Chapter 10 Acoustic Waveguides ...............................................................................................151
10.1 Introduction: Partial Wave Analysis ..............................................................151
10.2 Waveguide Equation: SH Modes ...................................................................151
10.3 Lamb Waves ..................................................................................................155
10.4 Rayleigh Waves..............................................................................................156
10.5 Layered Substrates .........................................................................................157
10.5.1 Love Waves ......................................................................................158
10.5.2 Generalized Lamb Waves ................................................................161
10.5.3 Stoneley Waves .................................................................................165
10.6 Multilayer Structures .....................................................................................167
10.7 Free Isotropic Cylinder ..................................................................................168
viii Contents
10.8 Waveguide Configurations ............................................................................169
10.8.1 Overlay Waveguides .........................................................................170
10.8.1.1 Slot Waveguide .................................................................170
10.8.1.2 Shorting Strip Waveguide .................................................170
10.8.2 Topographic Waveguides .................................................................171
10.8.3 Circular Fiber Waveguides ...............................................................171
Summary ..................................................................................................................171
Questions ..................................................................................................................172
References ................................................................................................................172
Chapter 11 Crystal Acoustics ......................................................................................................175
11.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................175
11.1.1 Cubic System ....................................................................................176
11.2 Group Velocity and Characteristic Surfaces .................................................177
11.3 Piezoelectricity ..............................................................................................180
11.3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................180
11.3.2 Piezoelectric Constitutive Relations .................................................181
11.3.3 Piezoelectric Coupling Factor ..........................................................184
Summary ..................................................................................................................185
Questions ..................................................................................................................186
References ................................................................................................................186
Chapter 12 Cavitation and Sonoluminescence ...........................................................................187
12.1 Bubble Dynamics ..........................................................................................187
12.1.1 Quasistatic Bubble Description ........................................................187
12.1.2 Bubble Dynamics .............................................................................188
12.1.2.1 Bjerknes Forces.................................................................190
12.1.2.2 Rectified Diffusion ...........................................................190
12.1.3 Acoustic Emission ............................................................................191
12.1.4 Acoustic Response of Bubbly Liquids..............................................191
12.2 Multibubble Sonoluminescence .....................................................................193
12.2.1 Summary of Experimental Results ..................................................194
12.3 Single Bubble SL ...........................................................................................196
12.3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................196
12.3.2 Experimental Setup ..........................................................................197
12.3.3 Bubble Dynamics .............................................................................200
12.3.3.1 Bubble Stability ................................................................201
12.3.4 Key Experimental Results in Water .................................................202
12.3.4.1 SBSL Spectrum ................................................................202
12.3.4.2 Direct Test of the DH Hypothesis .....................................203
12.3.4.3 SBSL Pulse Width ............................................................204
12.3.4.4 Shock Waves .....................................................................204
12.3.4.5 Ambient Pressure Variation ..............................................205
12.3.5 Successful Models in Water .............................................................206
12.3.6 SBSL in Other Liquids .....................................................................206
12.3.7 Similarities between MBSL and SBSL ............................................209
Summary ..................................................................................................................210
Questions ..................................................................................................................210
References ................................................................................................................211