Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, 7th Edition

676 Pages·2010·4.718 MB·English

by  David C. Howell

List of Applications
Subject-Matter Area Reference Pages
Morphine Tolerance and Context Siegel (1975) 4
Social Desirability and Eating Pliner & Chaiken (1990) 32
Moon Illusion Kaufman & Rock (1962) 32, 100, 317
Cigarette Consumption and Health Landwehr & Watkins (1987) 34
Perception of Rotated Images Krantz (unpublished) 36, 77
Immune Response Cohen et al. (1992) 57
Race and Retribution Rogers & Prentice-Dunn (1981) 58
Down’s Syndrome Moran (1974) 59
Birth Month and Gender Fombonne (1989) 60
Guessing at Answers Katz et al. (1990) 55, 76
Grades and Attendance Howell (unpublished) 45, 78
Optimism and Performance Seligman et al. (1990) 78
Perceived Attractiveness Langlois & Roggman (1990) 81
Attention Deficit Disorder Howell & Huessy (1985) 57, 108, 154
Treatment of Anorexia Everitt (1994) 110, 338, 360, 397
Behavior Problems Achenbach (1991) 115
M&M’s unpublished 136
Death Penalty Dieter (1998) 144
Maternal Age at First Birth CDC (2003) 150
Don’t Litter Geller et al. (1976) 154, 526
Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving Fell (1995) 155
Race and the Death Penalty U. S. Department of Justice (2000) 155
Sunk-Cost Fallacy Strough et al. (2008) 160
Finger Tapping Christianson & Leathem (2004) 169
Reward Delayed Magan et al. (2008) 186
Infant Mortality and Physicians St. Leger et al. (1978) 192
Health Care Expenditures Cochrane et al. (1978) 193
Breast Cancer and Sunshine Newsweek(1991) 193
Red Wine and Heart Disease Wong (2008) 196
Pace of Life Levine (1990) 197
Weight, Height, and Gender Ryan et al. (1985) 205
Smoking and Alcohol Consumption British Government 206
Course Quality and Grades Unpublished 223
Births in Sub-Saharan Africa Guttmacher Institute (2002) 227
Down’s Syndrome and Age Geyer (1991) 228
Stress and Mental Health Wagner et al. (1988) 232
The Me Generation—Not Trzesniewski et al. (2009) 238, 263
The Me Generation Twenge (2006) 238
Regression to the Mean Galton (1886) 242
Guns Don’t Reduce Murder Rate Grambsch (2009) 243
School Funding Guber (1999) 273
Maternal Confidence Leerkes & Crockenberg (1999) 289
Psychology and Cancer Patients Malcarne et al. (1995) 292
Optimism and Religion Sethi & Seligman (1993) 297
Family Structure and Vulnerability Mireault (1990) 299
Stress and Behavior Problems Williamson (2008) 302
Children and the “Lie Scale” Compas et al. (1994) 314
The Crowd Within Vul & Pashler (2008) 341
Marital Satisfaction with Sex Hout et al. (1987) 349, 535
Beta-Endorphines and Stress Hoaglin et al. (1983) 350
Sources of Homophobia Adams et al. (1996) 364
Age and Memory Eysenck (1974) 373, 407, 454
Gender, Anger, and Perception Brescoll & Uhlmann (2008) 379
Stereotype Threat Aronson et al. (1998) 405
Low Birthweight Infants Nurcombe et al. (1984) 425, 480
Marijuana and Behavior Conti & Musty (1984) 441
Therapy for Rape Victims Foa et al. (1991) 447
Insecurity in a Crowd Darley and Latané 448, 515
Smoking and Performance Spilich et al. (1992) 448
Attractiveness and Facial Features Langlois and Roggman (1990) 450
Masculine Overcompensation Thesis Willer (2005) 471
Earthquakes and Depression Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow (1991) 485
Therapeutic Touch Rosa et al. (1998) 504
Anorexia and Prozac Walsh et al. (2006) 551
Fertility and Smoking Weinberg & Gladen (1986) 532
Race and Desired Weight Gross (1985) 533
Health and Inescapable Shock Visintainer et al. (1982) 533
Race and Racial Identification Clark & Clark (1947); 535
Hraba and Grant (1970)
Race and Death Penalty Again Peterson (2001) 535
Schizophrenia and Subcortical Structures Suddath et al. (1990) 548
He, She, They Foertsch & Gernsbacher (1997) 556
Fundamental
Statistics for
the Behavioral
Sciences
This page intentionally left blank
S E V E N T H E D I T I O N
Fundamental
Statistics for
the Behavioral
Sciences
David C. Howell
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Fundamental Statistics for the Behavioral © 2011,2008Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Sciences, Seventh Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
David C. Howell
herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by
any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to
Publisher: Linda Schreiber
photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution,
Executive Editor: Jon-David Hague
information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems,
Developmental Editor: Rebecca Rosenberg except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States
Assistant Editor: Paige Leeds Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Editorial Assistant: Alicia McLaughlin
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Media Editor: Mary Noel Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706
Marketing Manager: Kimberly Russell For permission to use material from this text or product,
Marketing Assistant: Anna Andersen submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions
Further permissions questions can be emailed to
Marketing Communications Manager: [email protected]
Talia Wise
Content Project Management: Pre-PressPMG
Library of Congress Control Number: 2009942328
Creative Director: Rob Hugel
Art Director: Vernon Boes Student Edition:
Print Buyer: Linda Hsu
ISBN-13: 978-0-495-81125-1
Rights Acquisitions Account Manager, Text:
ISBN-10: 0-495-81125-4
Bob Kauser
Rights Acquisitions Account Manager, Image:
Paper Edition:
Robyn Young
Production Service: Pre-PressPMG ISBN-13: 978-0-8400-3297-3
Photo Researcher: Pre-PressPMG ISBN-10: 0-8400-3297-8
Cover Designer: Gary Hespenheide
Cover Image: Stuart McCall/Getty Images Wadsworth
Compositor: Pre-PressPMG 20Davis Drive
Belmont, CA 94002-3098
USA
Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions
with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United
Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at:
www.cengage.com/global.
Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by
Nelson Education, Ltd.
To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/wadsworth
Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred
online store www.CengageBrain.com.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10
Dedication: To my wife, Donna, who has tolerated
“I can’t do that now, I am working on my book”
for far too long.
Brief Contents
Preface xi Chapter 15
Power 381
Chapter 1
Introduction 1 Chapter 16
One-Way Analysis of Variance 406
Chapter 2
Basic Concepts 17 Chapter 17
Factorial Analysis of Variance 452
Chapter 3
Displaying Data 35 Chapter 18
Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance 483
Chapter 4
Measures of Central Tendency 63 Chapter 19
Chi-Square 502
Chapter 5
Measures of Variability 80 Chapter 20
Nonparametric and Distribution-Free
Chapter 6
Statistical Tests 536
The Normal Distribution 111
Chapter 21
Chapter 7
Choosing the Appropriate Analysis 565
Basic Concepts of Probability 134
Appendix A
Chapter 8
Arithmetic Review 572
Sampling Distributions and Hypothesis
Testing 156 Appendix B
Symbols and Notation 579
Chapter 9
Correlation 188 Appendix C
Basic Statistical Formulae 582
Chapter 10
Regression 230 Appendix D
Data Set 586
Chapter 11
Multiple Regression 268 Appendix E
Statistical Tables 590
Chapter 12
Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means:
Glossary 608
One Sample 301
References 614
Chapter 13
Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means: Answers to Exercises 620
Two Related Samples 335
Index 641
Chapter 14
Hypothesis Tests Applied to Means:
Two Independent Samples 352
vi
Contents
Preface xi 4.4 Relative Advantages and Disadvantages of the
Mode, the Median, and the Mean 67
4.5 Obtaining Measures of Central Tendency
Chapter 1 Using SPSS 70
Introduction 1 4.6 A Simple Demonstration—Seeing
Statistics 72
1.1 The Importance of Context 4
4.7 Summary 75
1.2 Basic Terminology 6
4.8 Exercises 76
1.3 Selection among Statistical Procedures 9
1.4 Using Computers 12
1.5 Summary 13 Chapter 5
1.6 Exercises 14
Measures of Variability 80
5.1 Range 83
Chapter 2
5.2 Interquartile Range and Other
Basic Concepts 17 Range Statistics 84
5.3 The Average Deviation 86
2.1 Scales of Measurement 18
5.4 The Variance 86
2.2 Variables 24
5.5 The Standard Deviation 88
2.3 Random Sampling 26
5.6 Computational Formulae for the Variance
2.4 Notation 28
and the Standard Deviation 90
2.5 Summary 30
5.7 TheMeanandtheVariance
2.6 Exercises 31
asEstimators 91
5.8 Boxplots: Graphical Representations
Chapter 3 of Dispersion and Extreme Scores 94
Displaying Data 35 5.9 A Return to Trimming 98
5.10 Obtaining Measures of Dispersion
3.1 Plotting Data 37 Using SPSS 100
3.2 Stem-and-Leaf Displays 40 5.11 The Moon Illusion 100
3.3 Reading Graphs 45 5.12 Seeing Statistics 104
3.4 Alternative Methods of Plotting Data 47 5.13 Summary 106
3.5 Describing Distributions 51 5.14 Exercises 108
3.6 Using Computer Programs to
Display Data 53
3.7 Summary 54 Chapter 6
3.8 Exercises 55 The Normal Distribution 111
6.1 The Normal Distribution 114
Chapter 4 6.2 The Standard Normal Distribution 120
Measures of Central Tendency 63 6.3 Setting Probable Limits on an Observation 126
6.4 Measures Related to z 127
4.1 The Mode 64 6.5 Seeing Statistics 128
4.2 The Median 65 6.6 Summary 129
4.3 The Mean 66 6.7 Exercises 130
vii