Fundamental elements of applied superconductivity in electrical engineering

482 Pages·2013·16.671 MB·English

by  Wang, Yinshun

Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations and Symbols
Chapter 1 Introduction
References
Chapter 2 Superconductivity
2.1 The Basic Properties of Superconductors
2.2 Critical Parameters
2.3 Classification and Magnetization
2.4 Measurement Technologies of Critical Parameters
References
Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties and Anisotropy of Superconducting
Materials
3.1 Mechanical Properties
3.2 Electromagnetic Anisotropy
3.3 Critical Current Characteristics of LTS Materials
3.4 Irreversible Fields of Superconducting Materials
3.5 Critical Temperature of Several Kinds of HTS Materials
3.6 Thermodynamic Properties of Practical Superconducting
Materials
References
Chapter 4 Stability of Superconductors
4.1 Critical States
4.2 Adiabatic Stabilization
4.3 Adiabatic Stability with Flux Jump
4.4 Self-Field Stability
4.5 Dynamic Stability
4.6 Cryostability
4.7 NPZ Velocity in Adiabatic Composite Superconductors
4.8 Stability of HTS Bulks
4.9 Mechanical Stability of Superconducting Magnets
4.10 Degradation and Training Effect of Superconducting Magnets
4.11 Quench and Protection of Superconducting Magnets
4.12 Tests of Stability
References
Chapter 5 AC Losses
5.1 AC Losses of Slab
5.2 AC Losses of Concentric Cylinder
5.3 AC Losses of Hybrid Concentric Cylinder
5.4 AC Losses of Concentric Hollow Cylinder in Longitudinal
Field
5.5 AC Losses for Large Transverse Rotating Field
5.6 AC Losses with Different Phases between AC Field and AC
Current
5.7 AC Losses for other Waves of AC Excitation Fields
5.8 AC Losses for other Critical State Models
5.9 Other AC Losses
5.10 Measurements of AC Loss
5.11 AC Losses Introduction of Superconducting Electrical
Apparatus
References
Chapter 6 Brief Introduction to Fabricating Technologies of Practical
Superconducting Materials
6.1 NbTi Wire
6.2 Nb Sn Wire
3
6.3 Nb Al Wire
3
6.4 MgB Wire
2
6.5 BSCCO Tape/Wire
6.6 YBCO Tape
6.7 HTS Bulk
References
Chapter 7 Principles and Methods for Contact-Free Measurements of
HTS Critical Current and n Values
7.1 Measurement Introduction of Critical Current and n Values
7.2 Critical Current Measurements of HTS Tape by Contact-Free
Methods
7.3 n Value Measurements of HTS Tape by Contact-Free Methods
7.4 Analysis on Uniformity of Critical Current and n Values in
Practical Long HTS Tape
7.5 Next Measurements of Critical Currents and n Values by
Contact-Free Methods
References
Chapter 8 Cryogenic Insulating Materials and Performances
8.1 Insulating Properties of Cryogenic Gas
8.2 Insulating Characteristics of Cryogenic Liquid
8.3 Insulating Properties of Organic Insulating Films
8.4 Cryogenic Insulating Paints and Cryogenic Adhesive
8.5 Structural Materials for Cryogenic Insulation
8.6 Inorganic Insulating Materials
References
Chapter 9 Refrigeration and Cryostats
9.1 Cryogens
9.2 Cryostat
9.3 Refrigeration
9.4 Cooling Technologies of Superconducting Electric Apparatus
References
Chapter 10 Power Supplying Technology in Superconducting Electrical
Apparatus
10.1 Current Leads
10.2 Superconducting Switch
10.3 Flux Pump
References
Chapter 11 Basic Structure and Principle of Superconducting Apparatus
in Power System
11.1 Cable
11.2 Fault Current Limiter
11.3 Transformer
11.4 Rotating Machine-Generator/Motor
11.5 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
11.6 Superconducting Flywheel Energy Storage (SFES)
11.7 Other Industrial Applications
References
Chapter 12 Case Study of Superconductivity Applications in Power
System-HTS Cable
12.1 Design of AC/CD HTS Cable Conductor
12.2 Electromagnetic Design of AC/CD Cable Conductor
12.3 Analysis on AC Losses of DC HTS Cable
12.4 Design of AC WD HTS Cable Conductor
12.5 Design of DC HTS Cable Conductor
12.6 Design of Cryostat
12.7 Manufacture of CD HTS Cable Conductor
12.8 Bending of HTS Cable
12.9 Termination and Joint
12.10 Circulating Cooling System and Monitoring System
References
Appendix
A.1 Calculations of Volumetric Heat Capacity, Thermal
Conductivity and Resistivity of Composite Conductor
A.2 Eddy Current Loss of Practical HTS Coated Conductor
(YBCO CC)
A.3 Calculation of Geometrical Factor G
A.4 Derivation of Self and Mutual Inductances of CD Cable
A.5 Other Models for Hysteresis Loss Calculations of HTS Cable
A.6 Cooling Arrangements
References
Index

This edition first published 2013
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wang, Yinshun.
Fundamental elements of applied superconductivity in electrical engineering / Yinshun Wang.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-45114-4 (cloth)
 1. Superconductors. 2. Electric power. 3. Superconductivity. 4. Electrical engineering. I. Title.
TK454.4.S93W26 2013
621.3′5–dc23
2012049085
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN: 9781118451144
Preface
Since its discovery, superconductivity and its applications have become one of the most active
frontiers in modern science and technology. With the progress in exploration and research of
superconductivity over nearly half a century, the practical NbTi and Nb Sn superconducting wires
3
were successfully fabricated in the 1960s. Superconducting technology, especially superconducting
magnet technology, was then put into applications. However, it is difficult for superconductors to be
extensively used since they must work at a liquid helium temperature of 4.2 K.
Although the alternating current (AC) losses of superconducting windings is much lower than those
of conventional copper windings, the effect of 1 W power consumption generated at a liquid helium
temperature is at least equivalent to 500 W consumption of cooling power at room temperature.
Therefore, the AC loss is not fully compensated for by reduction in AC losses, and the operating cost
of superconducting electrical equipment is expensive, except in direct current (DC) applications.
Until the 1980s, the AC application of the Low Temperature Superconductors (LTS) in a power
system had not made substantial progress.
Since the High Temperature Superconductor (HTS) was discovered in 1986, the application of
HTS electrical equipment operating at the liquid nitrogen temperature of 77 K came into being, and
superconducting power technology was hoped to be applied in electrical power systems.
Great progress was made in development of HTS materials in the late 1990s, and practical HTS
tapes were commercially realized. Research on superconducting power technology has made
important and significant progress in many countries. At present, many superconducting equipment
prototypes, such as superconducting cable, superconducting transformer, superconducting Fault
Current Limiter (FCL), superconducting motor/generator, superconducting magnetic energy storage
and other superconducting equipment, have been developed and demonstrated. At present, several
groups of HTS cable prototypes operate in live grids. Superconducting technology has also found
important applications in information technology, traffic transportation, scientific instrument, medical
technology, national defence, large scientific projects and other fields besides the energy field.
Superconducting power technology is highly comprehensive and interdisciplinary, and related to
superconducting technology, electric power technology, cryogenic insulation, cryogenic refrigeration,
materials science and technology, etc. At the present, it is a promising research field of new science
and high technology, with important scientific significance and application prospects in power
systems. At the same time, superconducting power technology will be one of the key technologies in
the future Smart Grid. It is predicted that this technology will become a practical technology of
extensive scale and play an important role in energy saving, emission reduction, low carbon economy,
renewable energy resources, and in other fields.
This book briefly introduces the basic theory of superconductivity. According to the knowledge
structure and the order required in application of superconducting technology, electromagnetic
properties of practical superconducting materials, stability, AC losses, processing technology,
measurement of critical current and n values by contact-free methods, cryogenic insulation, cryostat
and refrigeration, current leads and flux pump, are presented respectively. The principles and
structures of various superconducting equipment are also described. Finally, high-T superconducting
c
(HTS) cables, and superconductivity applications in power systems, are systematically described to
show how the basic technologies described elsewhere in the book fit together. The content of the
book focuses on the fundamental elements of applied superconductivity in electrical engineering. A
feature of this book is that experimental technology is added to related chapters together with the
introduction of fundamental theoretical and technological principles.
There are 12 chapters in the book. The first chapter briefly introduces applications of
superconducting power technology with several superconducting apparatus used in power systems.
Chapter 2 presents the basic theories and critical parameters of superconductors. Chapter 3 describes
mechanical and electromagnetic properties of superconducting materials. Chapter 4 introduces the
stability and quench characteristics of superconducting materials and magnets, and protection
technology of superconducting magnets. Chapter 5 systematically describes various AC losses of
superconducting in commercial frequency power, which includes hysteresis loss, magnetic flux flow
loss, coupling and eddy current losses, and methods of measuring AC loss. Chapter 6 briefly lists the
preparation techniques of practical superconducting materials. Chapter 7 presents theory and
measurements of critical current and n values in practical HTS tapes by contact-free methods, and
their evaluation and calculation of non-uniformity are also included. Chapter 8 concerns the insulation
characteristics of some cryogenic gas, cryogenic liquid, organic insulation film materials, inorganic
insulating materials and cryogenic adhesive. Chapter 9 mainly shows the heat-conduction theory,
cryogenic device design and cryogenic refrigeration technology. Chapter 10 systematically introduces
the design principles and methods of various current leads, including conductor-cooled current leads,
gas-cooled lead, Peltier current lead (PCL) and the hybrid current lead, the applications of
superconducting persistent current switch (PCS) and superconducting flux pump technology. Chapter
11 presents basic structures of several superconducting apparatus in power systems. As in the case of
the application of superconductivity in a power system, Chapter 12 systematically describes the
design of HTS cable.