Table Of ContentFunctionalized Carbon
Nanotubes for Biomedical
Applications
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Functionalized Carbon
Nanotubes for Biomedical
Applications
Edited by
Jeenat Aslam
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu,
Al-Madina, Saudi Arabia
Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
Department of Chemistry & Environmental Science at the New Jersey Institute
of Technology, Newark, NJ., U.S.A.
and
Ruby Aslam
Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, U.P., India
This edition first published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-90483-0
Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xv
Part 1: Overview of Functionalized Carbon
Nanotubes 1
1 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: An Introduction 3
Sheerin Masroor
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Carbon Nanotube’s Classification 6
1.3 Structural and Morphological Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes 7
1.4 Synthetic Techniques of Carbon Nanotubes 8
1.5 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 9
1.6 Commercial Scale Use of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes 12
1.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects 14
References 15
2 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis
and Characterization 21
Neelam Sharma, Shubhra Pareek, Rahul Shrivastava
and Debasis Behera
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Synthesis Methods 24
2.2.1 Arc Discharge 24
2.2.2 Laser Ablation 25
2.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 26
2.3 Characterization 27
2.3.1 Raman Spectroscopy 27
2.3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) 28
2.3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 29
2.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 29
2.3.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 30
2.3.6 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 31
v
vi Contents
2.3.7 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 32
2.4 Functionalized Routes of CNTs 33
2.4.1 Surface Oxidation 33
2.4.2 Doping Heteroatoms 33
2.4.3 Alkali Activation 33
2.4.4 Sulfonation 34
2.4.5 Halogenation 34
2.4.6 Grafting 34
2.4.6.1 Grafting via Oxygen-Containing Groups 35
2.4.6.2 Grafting via Diazonium Compounds 36
2.4.6.3 Other Grafting Methods 37
2.4.7 Non-Covalent Functionalization of CNTs 37
2.4.8 Deposition on Functionalized CNTs 37
2.4.9 Physiochemical Approaches 38
2.4.10 Electrochemical Deposition 38
2.4.11 Electroless Deposition 39
2.5 Conclusion 39
References 40
3 Carbon Nanotubes: Types of Functionalization 49
Manilal Murmu, Debanjan Dey, Naresh Chandra Murmu
and Priyabrata Banerjee
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Carbon Nanotubes 50
3.3 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 52
3.3.1 Covalent Functionalization 52
3.3.2 Non-Covalent Functionalization of Carbon
Nanotubes 58
3.3.2.1 Reversibility in Non-Covalent
Functionalization 63
3.3.2.2 Solvent Variation in Non-Covalent
Functionalization 64
3.3.3.3 pH of the System in Non-Covalent
Functionalization 64
3.3.3.4 Temperature Responsive System
in Non-Covalent Functionalization 65
3.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook 65
Acknowledgements 65
Web Links 66
References 66
Contents vii
4 Functionalization Carbon Nanotubes Innovate on Medical
Technology 75
Afroz Aslam, Jeenat Aslam, Hilal Ahmad Parray
and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Functionalization CNTs for Biomedical Applications 78
4.3 Potential Applications of CNTs in Cancer Therapy 79
4.3.1 Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy 80
4.3.2 Anti-Tumor Hyperthermia Therapy 80
4.3.3 Anti-Tumor Chemotherapy 81
4.3.4 Other Cancer Treatment Strategies 82
4.4 Treatment of Central Nervous System Disorders 82
4.5 Treatment of Infectious Diseases 84
4.6 CNTs-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery 85
4.7 f-CNTs for Vaccination 86
4.8 Application of f-CNTs in Tissue Engineering 86
4.9 Conclusion 88
Important Websites 89
References 89
Part 2: Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes:
Current and Emerging Biomedical Applications 95
5 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Applications
in Biosensing 97
N. Palaniappan, Nidhi Vashistha and Ruby Aslam
5.1 Introduction 97
5.2 CNTs-Based Biosensors 99
5.2.1 Electrochemical Biosensors 100
5.2.1.1 Electrochemical Enzyme Sensors 100
5.2.1.2 Electrochemical Immunosensors 101
5.2.1.3 Electrochemical DNA Sensors 102
5.2.1.4 Non-Biomolecule Based Electrochemical
Sensors 104
5.2.2 Optical CNT Sensors 105
5.2.3 Field-Effect CNTs Sensors 106
5.2.4 CNT Human Strain Sensor 107
5.3 Conclusion 108
References 108
viii Contents
6 Applications of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes
in Drug Delivery Systems 117
N. Palaniappan, Małgorzata Kujawska and Kader Poturcu
6.1 Introduction 118
6.2 Nanoparticles-Doped Carbon Nanotubes 121
6.3 Brain-Targeted Delivery 123
6.4 The Organic Molecules Functionalized CNTs
as Drug Delivery Vehicles 125
6.5 Functionalized CNTs with Nanoparticles for Drug Active
Molecular Mechanism 126
6.5.1 Future of Scope of Functionalized Carbon
Nanotube Drug Delivery Application 126
6.6 Conclusion 127
References 127
7 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Gene Therapy 139
Tejas Agnihotri, Tanuja Shinde, Manoj Gitte,
Pankaj Kumar Paradia, Rakesh Kumar Tekade
and Aakanchha Jain
7.1 Introduction 140
7.2 Functionalized CNTs and Gene Therapy 141
7.3 Cellular Uptake of CNT 146
7.4 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes and Cancer 147
7.5 Miscellaneous Diseases and Gene Delivery Through
Functionalized CNT 150
7.6 Toxicology and Environmental Aspects
of Functionalized CNT 158
7.6.1 Cellular Toxicity 159
7.6.2 Liver Toxicity 159
7.6.3 Central Nervous System Toxicity 160
7.6.4 Cardiovascular Toxicity 161
7.7 Regulatory Concerns Over Functionalized
Carbon Nanotubes 162
7.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 164
Important Website 165
References 165
