Table Of ContentFunctionalized Cardiovascular Stents
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Woodhead publishing series in biomaterials
Functionalized
Cardiovascular Stents
Edited by
J. Gerard Wall
Halina Podbielska
Magdalena Wawrzyńska
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Contents
List of contributors ix
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Part One Fundamentals of cardiovascular stents 1
1 Overview of cardiovascular stent designs 3
C. McCormick
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Percutaneous coronary interventions 4
1.3 Bare metal stents 4
1.4 Drug-eluting stents 8
1.5 Bioresorbable stents 17
1.6 Summary of current state of the art and future perspective 18
References 19
Further reading 26
2 Fundamentals of bare-metal stents 27
A.R. Saraf, S.P. Yadav
2.1 Clinical study of bare-metal stents 27
2.2 Complimentary manufacturing of bare-metal stents 28
2.3 Validation of mechanical properties of metals for bare-metal stent 30
2.4 Material selection 31
2.5 Finite element analysis of stents 38
2.6 Conclusions 42
References 43
3 Development of drug-eluting stents (DES) 45
M. Wawrzyńska, J. Arkowski, A. Włodarczak, M. Kopaczyńska, D. Biały
3.1 First coronary intervention and development of stents 45
3.2 Pathophysiology of restenosis 46
3.3 Methods of testing stent performance and their limitations 46
3.4 First-generation drug-eluting stents 47
3.5 Second-generation DES 48
3.6 Next-generation DES 50
3.7 Conclusion 54
References 54
vi Contents
4 Polymer-free drug-eluting stents 57
C. McCormick
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Moving beyond polymer controlled stent drug release 57
4.3 Direct coating of drug 58
4.4 Stent platform modifications 60
4.5 Role of stent surface in vessel healing 66
4.6 Summary and future perspectives 67
References 68
Online sources 74
5 Fundamentals of bioresorbable stents 75
H.Y. Ang, J. Ng, H. Bulluck, P. Wong, S. Venkatraman, Y. Huang, N. Foin
5.1 Introduction 75
5.2 Current bioresorbable stents technology 79
5.3 Future perspectives 92
References 93
Further reading 97
6 Bioabsorbable metallic stents 99
Y.F. Zheng
6.1 Introduction 99
6.2 General design criterions of bioabsorbable metallic stents 100
6.3 Development of Mg-based bioabsorbable metallic stents 102
6.4 Development of Fe-based bioabsorbable metallic stents 113
6.5 Development of Zn-based bioabsorbable metallic stents 122
6.6 Challenges and opportunities for bioabsorbable metallic stents 128
References 129
Part Two C oatings and surface modification
of cardiovascular stents 135
7 Physico-chemical stent surface modifications 137
A. Foerster, M. Duda, H. Kraśkiewicz, M. Wawrzyńska, H. Podbielska,
M. Kopaczyńska
7.1 Introduction 137
7.2 Stent surface functionalization 138
7.3 Thiol groups functionalized surface 141
7.4 Conclusion 144
References 144
8 Chemical vapor deposition of cardiac stents 149
P. Sojitra
8.1 Introduction 149
8.2 Chemical vapor deposition 150
8.3 CVD passivation process evaluation 151
Contents vii
8.4 Discussion 152
8.5 Conclusion 152
References 152
Further reading 154
9 Polymer coatings for biocompatibility and reduced nonspecific
adsorption 155
M.C. Ramkumar, P. Cools, A. Arunkumar, N. De Geyter, R. Morent,
V. Kumar, S. Udaykumar, P. Gopinath, S.K. Jaganathan, K.N. Pandiyaraj
9.1 Introduction 156
9.2 Classification of plasma 158
9.3 Added value of nonthermal plasma for stent applications:
Polymer coatings 167
9.4 Conclusion 187
Acknowledgments 188
References 188
10 Coating stability for stents 199
V. Montaño-Machado, E.C. Michel, D. Mantovani
10.1 Static tests 199
10.2 Dynamic tests 202
10.3 Adhesion 204
10.4 DES and biodegradable polymers 205
10.5 Stability tests involving endothelial cells 206
10.6 Conclusions and perspectives 207
References 207
11 Simple one-step covalent immobilization of bioactive agents
without use of chemicals on plasma-activated low thrombogenic
stent coatings 211
M. Santos, A. Waterhouse, B.S.L. Lee, A.H.P. Chan, R.P. Tan,
P.L. Michael, E.C. Filipe, J. Hung, S.G. Wise, M.M.M. Bilek
11.1 Functionalization of stents to improve their clinical performance 211
11.2 Bioengineering of plasma-activated coatings for stents 213
11.3 Biological properties of PAC coated stents 220
References 226
Part Three Biofunctionalisation of cardiovascular
stent surfaces 229
12 Chemistry of targeted immobilization of biomediators 231
A. Srivastava
12.1 Introduction 231
12.2 Targeted immobilization chemistries 234
12.3 Future trends 242
References 242
viii Contents
13 Functionalized cardiovascular stents: Cardiovascular stents
incorporated with stem cells 251
B. Oh, C.H. Lee
13.1 Introduction 251
13.2 Adventitial biology for coronary artery disease (CAD) 252
13.3 Role of stem/progenitor cells in atherosclerosis 253
13.4 Current treatment strategies against atherosclerosis 258
13.5 Preparation and surface modification of nanofiber 262
13.6 Functionalized cardiovascular stents for treatment
of atherosclerosis 269
13.7 Conclusion 275
References 276
14 Nitric oxide donor delivery 291
S.A. Omar, A. de Belder
14.1 Introduction 291
14.2 Nitric oxide 292
14.3 Nitric oxide and vascular function 293
14.4 Localized NO delivery 294
14.5 Nitric oxide donor stents (the evidence) 295
14.6 The future 296
14.7 Conclusion 297
References 297
15 Immobilization of peptides on cardiovascular stent 305
F. Boccafoschi, L. Fusaro, M. Cannas
15.1 Introduction: Cardiovascular materials and biocompatibility 305
15.2 Metals and alloys for endovascular stent 307
15.3 Immobilization of peptides: The grafting technique 308
15.4 Guiding the tissue regeneration: Surface modification
of cardiovascular stents 311
15.5 Future trends/conclusion 313
References 313
Further reading 318
16 Immobilization of antibodies on cardiovascular stents 319
I.B. O’Connor, J.G. Wall
16.1 Introduction 319
16.2 The use of antibodies in stent functionalization 320
16.3 Protein-stent linking approaches 325
16.4 Applications of stent-immobilized antibodies 328
16.5 Future perspectives 332
Acknowledgments 333
References 333
Index 343
List of contributors
H.Y. Ang National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
J. Arkowski Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
A. Arunkumar Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Coimbatore, India
D. Biały Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
M.M.M. Bilek University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
F. Boccafoschi University of Oriental Piedmont (UPO), Novara, Italy
H. Bulluck National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
M. Cannas University of Oriental Piedmont (UPO), Novara, Italy
A.H.P. Chan The Heart Research Institute, Sydney; University of Sydney, Camperdown,
NSW, Australia
P. Cools Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
A. de Belder Brighton and Sussex University Hospital, Brighton, United Kingdom
N. De Geyter Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
M. Duda Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
E.C. Filipe The Heart Research Institute, Sydney; University of Sydney, Camperdown,
NSW, Australia
A. Foerster Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
N. Foin National Heart Centre Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
L. Fusaro University of Oriental Piedmont (UPO), Novara, Italy
