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Functional Properties of Bio-Inspired Surfaces: Characterization and Technological Applications PDF

413 Pages·2009·8.771 MB·English
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7109tpCast.indd 1 11/9/09 2:42:06 PM TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk 7109tpCast.indd 2 11/9/09 2:42:07 PM Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF BIO-INSPIRED SURFACES Characterization and Technological Applications Copyright © 2009 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN-13 978-981-283-701-1 ISBN-10 981-283-701-9 Typeset by Stallion Press Email: [email protected] Printed in Singapore. ChianYang - Functional Properties.pmd 1 1/13/2010, 1:54 PM November11,2009 11:32 spi-b812 9inx6in b812-fm v “Godmadesolids,butsurfacesweretheworkofthedevil” WolfgangPauli (1900–1958) To the memory of my father Ewald (1921–1992) whose enthusiasm for natural sciencesfueledmyinterestinphysicsandtomymotherBettyandmysistersGraciela andEstelawhoencouragedandstimulatedmeinthewritingofthisbook EduardoA.Favret To my wife Hebe and to my daughter Natalia, in gratitude for their endless love andsupport. NéstorO.Fuentes November11,2009 11:32 spi-b812 9inx6in b812-fm TTTThhhhiiiissss ppppaaaaggggeeee iiiinnnntttteeeennnnttttiiiioooonnnnaaaallllllllyyyy lllleeeefffftttt bbbbllllaaaannnnkkkk November11,2009 11:32 spi-b812 9inx6in b812-fm Preface Manygoodbookshavebeenwrittenrecentlyonthisnewfieldcalledbiomimeticsor bionics, but only few explore simultaneously the characterization and technological processestoproduceman-madesurfaceswithsimilarpropertiesasthebiologicalones. Bio-inspiredsurfacestructuresoffersignificantcommercialpotentialforthecreation of antireflective, self-cleaning, and drag reducing surfaces, as well as new types of adhesivesystems.Thisreviewbookexploreshowthecurrentknowledgeofthebio- logical structures occurring on the surface of moth eyes, leaves, shark skin, and the feet of reptiles can be transferred to functional technological materials. It analyses howsuchsurfacescanbedescribedandcharacterizedusingmicroscopictechniques andthusreproduced,encompassingtheimportantareasofcurrentsurfacereplication techniquesandtheassociatedacquisitionofgoodmasterstructures. It is well known that biological systems have the ability to sense, react, regu- late, grow, regenerate, and heal. Recent advances in materials chemistry, micro and nanoscalefabricationtechniqueshaveenabledbiologicallyinspiredmaterialsystems that mimic many of these remarkable functions. Nature is the best technologist to overcomeanyadaptationforsurvivaldifficulty.Thefieldofbio-inspirationisemerg- ingasoneofthemostinnovativeareasofsciencetoday.Researchersandengineersare studyingnatureanditsnoveldesignsolutions,usingitsprinciplestoengineertech- nicalbreakthroughs.Self-cleaningsurfaces,powerfulLEDs,adhesivetape,andeven novelcomputeralgorithmsarejustsomeofthebenefitsofthisresearchpartnership with the natural world.The advent of bio-inspiration has not only brought nature closertohightechnologyengineering,buthasalsobroughttogetherscientistsofcom- plementary specialties. Bio-inspiration means that not only scientists and engineers must look to nature, but also be experts in other fields. In many aspects of science andtechnology,collaborationbetweennatureandscienceisreallythekeytoachieve breakthroughsintechnologicalmaterials. The book is divided into three sections, (1) an introduction of the skin func- tionsandfourfunctionalpropertiesofbiologicalsurfaces;(2)physical,chemical,and vii November11,2009 11:32 spi-b812 9inx6in b812-fm viii FunctionalPropertiesofBio-InspiredSurfaces microscopytechniquesfordescribingandcharacterizingthesurfaces,and(3)replica- tiontechniquesformodifyingnon-naturalsurfaces. Thebookbeginswithachapterthatdescribescertainfunctionsoftheskinwhich contributestothenewareaofbio-inspireddesign.Thenextfourchapterhavemore specific subjects with its technological applications. Chapter 2 analyzes the shark skin effect or the commonly known antifriction surfaces. Chapter 3 discusses the Lotuseffectortheusuallyknownself-cleaningsurfaces.Chapter4analyzestheMoth- eyeeffectorthecommonlyknownantireflectionsurfacesandChap.5describesthe Geckoeffectortheusuallyknowndryadhesivesurfaces. The second part of the book consists of four chapters. Chapter 6 discusses the principles and techniques used for observing biological surface structures, includ- ingopticalmicroscopy(lightmicroscopy,laserscanningconfocalmicroscopy),elec- tron microscopy (scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy), andscanningprobemicroscopy.Chapter7describestwoimageanalysestechniques (RIMAPSandVariograms)usedfortopographicalcharacterizationintechnological surfacesandrecentlyinbiologicalsurfaces.Chapter8discussesinterfacialandcapillary phenomenapresentinmultiplebiologicalprocesses.Chapter9describesthechemical characterization of biological and technological surfaces, such as optical, electronic, andparticlebeamsspectroscopies. Thethirdsectionhasthreechapters.Chapter10analyzestheLaserInterference Metallurgy which allows the creation of periodic patterns with a well-defined long- rangeorderatthescaleoftypicalmicrostructures(fromthesubmicrometerlevelupto micrometers).Chapter11discussesgeneralphenomenainvolvedinelectrodeposition process,commonlyusedtechniquesandapplicationofelectrodepositionindifferent areas of research and industry. Lastly, Chap. 12 describes the plasma state and its applicationtomodifysurfacesinordertoobtainadesiredfunctionalpropertyinthe biomedicalfield. We hope that this book will be useful for undergraduate and graduate students from materials science and biology as well as for researchers working in the field of biomimetics,materialsscience,andengineering. Weareespeciallyindebtedtoallofthecontributingauthorsfortheirdedication in writing the chapters. We gratefully acknowledge the useful work done by Estela FavretandLorenaLaFuente,whohelpedtocontactthechapterauthorsandinthe organizationofthebook.Finally,wealsowishtothankMartaColon,HweeYunTan andChianYangTan(WS)fortheirsupportduringthepreparationofthebook.This bookhasbeenpossiblebecauseofallofthem. EduardoA.Favret NéstorO.Fuentes BuenosAires,April2009 November11,2009 11:32 spi-b812 9inx6in b812-fm Contents Preface vii ListofContributors xix I Functional Properties of Biological Surfaces 1 Chapter1. BiomimeticsofSkins 3 JulianF.V.Vincent Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. SurfaceHardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3. StrainSensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4. WaterRepellence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5. Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6. Envoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Chapter2. TheSharkSkinEffect 17 AmyW.Lang Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2. SharkSkinStructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3. DragReduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.1. MarineAnimalLocomotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.2. Skin-FrictionReduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.3. SeparationControl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4. Drag-ReducingCapabilitiesoftheSkinonFast-Swimming Sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 5. SummaryWithTechnologicalApplications . . . . . . . . . . . 36 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 ix

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