Functional Properties of Bio-Inspired Surfaces: Characterization and Technological Applications

413 Pages·2009·8.771 MB·English

by  Eduardo A. Favret, Eduardo A. Favret, Nestor Es Fuentes

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Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF BIO-INSPIRED SURFACES
Characterization and Technological Applications
Copyright © 2009 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval
system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.
For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright
Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to
photocopy is not required from the publisher.
ISBN-13 978-981-283-701-1
ISBN-10 981-283-701-9
Typeset by Stallion Press
Email: [email protected]
Printed in Singapore.
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v
“Godmadesolids,butsurfacesweretheworkofthedevil”
WolfgangPauli
(1900–1958)
To the memory of my father Ewald (1921–1992) whose enthusiasm for natural
sciencesfueledmyinterestinphysicsandtomymotherBettyandmysistersGraciela
andEstelawhoencouragedandstimulatedmeinthewritingofthisbook
EduardoA.Favret
To my wife Hebe and to my daughter Natalia, in gratitude for their endless love
andsupport.
NéstorO.Fuentes
November11,2009 11:32 spi-b812 9inx6in b812-fm
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Preface
Manygoodbookshavebeenwrittenrecentlyonthisnewfieldcalledbiomimeticsor
bionics, but only few explore simultaneously the characterization and technological
processestoproduceman-madesurfaceswithsimilarpropertiesasthebiologicalones.
Bio-inspiredsurfacestructuresoffersignificantcommercialpotentialforthecreation
of antireflective, self-cleaning, and drag reducing surfaces, as well as new types of
adhesivesystems.Thisreviewbookexploreshowthecurrentknowledgeofthebio-
logical structures occurring on the surface of moth eyes, leaves, shark skin, and the
feet of reptiles can be transferred to functional technological materials. It analyses
howsuchsurfacescanbedescribedandcharacterizedusingmicroscopictechniques
andthusreproduced,encompassingtheimportantareasofcurrentsurfacereplication
techniquesandtheassociatedacquisitionofgoodmasterstructures.
It is well known that biological systems have the ability to sense, react, regu-
late, grow, regenerate, and heal. Recent advances in materials chemistry, micro and
nanoscalefabricationtechniqueshaveenabledbiologicallyinspiredmaterialsystems
that mimic many of these remarkable functions. Nature is the best technologist to
overcomeanyadaptationforsurvivaldifficulty.Thefieldofbio-inspirationisemerg-
ingasoneofthemostinnovativeareasofsciencetoday.Researchersandengineersare
studyingnatureanditsnoveldesignsolutions,usingitsprinciplestoengineertech-
nicalbreakthroughs.Self-cleaningsurfaces,powerfulLEDs,adhesivetape,andeven
novelcomputeralgorithmsarejustsomeofthebenefitsofthisresearchpartnership
with the natural world.The advent of bio-inspiration has not only brought nature
closertohightechnologyengineering,buthasalsobroughttogetherscientistsofcom-
plementary specialties. Bio-inspiration means that not only scientists and engineers
must look to nature, but also be experts in other fields. In many aspects of science
andtechnology,collaborationbetweennatureandscienceisreallythekeytoachieve
breakthroughsintechnologicalmaterials.
The book is divided into three sections, (1) an introduction of the skin func-
tionsandfourfunctionalpropertiesofbiologicalsurfaces;(2)physical,chemical,and
vii
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viii FunctionalPropertiesofBio-InspiredSurfaces
microscopytechniquesfordescribingandcharacterizingthesurfaces,and(3)replica-
tiontechniquesformodifyingnon-naturalsurfaces.
Thebookbeginswithachapterthatdescribescertainfunctionsoftheskinwhich
contributestothenewareaofbio-inspireddesign.Thenextfourchapterhavemore
specific subjects with its technological applications. Chapter 2 analyzes the shark
skin effect or the commonly known antifriction surfaces. Chapter 3 discusses the
Lotuseffectortheusuallyknownself-cleaningsurfaces.Chapter4analyzestheMoth-
eyeeffectorthecommonlyknownantireflectionsurfacesandChap.5describesthe
Geckoeffectortheusuallyknowndryadhesivesurfaces.
The second part of the book consists of four chapters. Chapter 6 discusses the
principles and techniques used for observing biological surface structures, includ-
ingopticalmicroscopy(lightmicroscopy,laserscanningconfocalmicroscopy),elec-
tron microscopy (scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy),
andscanningprobemicroscopy.Chapter7describestwoimageanalysestechniques
(RIMAPSandVariograms)usedfortopographicalcharacterizationintechnological
surfacesandrecentlyinbiologicalsurfaces.Chapter8discussesinterfacialandcapillary
phenomenapresentinmultiplebiologicalprocesses.Chapter9describesthechemical
characterization of biological and technological surfaces, such as optical, electronic,
andparticlebeamsspectroscopies.
Thethirdsectionhasthreechapters.Chapter10analyzestheLaserInterference
Metallurgy which allows the creation of periodic patterns with a well-defined long-
rangeorderatthescaleoftypicalmicrostructures(fromthesubmicrometerlevelupto
micrometers).Chapter11discussesgeneralphenomenainvolvedinelectrodeposition
process,commonlyusedtechniquesandapplicationofelectrodepositionindifferent
areas of research and industry. Lastly, Chap. 12 describes the plasma state and its
applicationtomodifysurfacesinordertoobtainadesiredfunctionalpropertyinthe
biomedicalfield.
We hope that this book will be useful for undergraduate and graduate students
from materials science and biology as well as for researchers working in the field of
biomimetics,materialsscience,andengineering.
Weareespeciallyindebtedtoallofthecontributingauthorsfortheirdedication
in writing the chapters. We gratefully acknowledge the useful work done by Estela
FavretandLorenaLaFuente,whohelpedtocontactthechapterauthorsandinthe
organizationofthebook.Finally,wealsowishtothankMartaColon,HweeYunTan
andChianYangTan(WS)fortheirsupportduringthepreparationofthebook.This
bookhasbeenpossiblebecauseofallofthem.
EduardoA.Favret
NéstorO.Fuentes
BuenosAires,April2009
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Contents
Preface vii
ListofContributors xix
I Functional Properties of Biological Surfaces 1
Chapter1. BiomimeticsofSkins 3
JulianF.V.Vincent
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. SurfaceHardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. StrainSensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. WaterRepellence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6. Envoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Chapter2. TheSharkSkinEffect 17
AmyW.Lang
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2. SharkSkinStructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3. DragReduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.1. MarineAnimalLocomotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.2. Skin-FrictionReduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3. SeparationControl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4. Drag-ReducingCapabilitiesoftheSkinonFast-Swimming
Sharks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5. SummaryWithTechnologicalApplications . . . . . . . . . . . 36
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
ix