Table Of ContentFunctional Nanostructured
Membranes
Functional Nanostructured
Membranes
edited by
Enrico Drioli
Lidietta Giorno
Annarosa Gugliuzza
Published by
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
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8 Temasek Boulevard
Singapore 038988
Email: [email protected]
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Functional Nanostructured Membranes
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ISBN 978-981-4774-79-6 (Hardcover)
ISBN 978-1-351-13511-5 (eBook)
Contents
Preface
1. An Intro duction to Nanostructured Membranes for xv
Advanced Applications in Strategic Fields 1
Enrico Drioli, Lidietta Giorno, and Annarosa Gugliuzza
1.1 Nanosized Materials and Nanostructured
Membrane Concepts 1
1.2 Viewpoint on Membrane Processes 5
1.3 Perspectives of Nanostructured Membranes
2. Nanostriunc Ltuifree dS cMieenmcebsr anes for Selective Separations: 8
Modeling and Simulations 13
Elena Tocci, Carmen Rizzuto, Johannes Carolus Jansen,
and Enrico Drioli
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity 15
2.2.1 PIM-PI, Ethanoanthracene (EA), and
Tröger’s Base–Based PIMs 21
2.2.2 Crosslinked PIMs 22
2.2.3 Mixed Matrix Membranes 24
2.3 Simulation Methods 25
2.3.1 Ab initio 26
2.3.2 Atomistic 27
2.3.2.1 Monte Carlo simulations 28
2.3.2.2 Molecular dynamics 28
2.3.3 Physical Structure and Properties 29
2.3.4 Thermodynamics and Transport in
Polymeric Membranes 31
2.3.5 Transition-State Theory 32
2.3.6 Diffusivity 33
2.4 Modeling of Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity 34
2.4.1 Physical Structure and Properties 35
vi Contents
2.4.1.1 Torsion angle analysis 35
2.4.1.2 WAXD and packing ability
of PIMs 37
2.4.1.3 Cavity size distribution 39
2.4.1.4 Surface area 42
2.4.1.5 Fractional free volume and
fractional accessible volume 43
2.4.2 Thermodynamics and Transport
Properties 46
2.4.2.1 Adsorption of different
gases and solubility
coefficient 46
2.4.2.2 Modeling of diffusion
coefficients 52
3. 2Fa.5b ricatCioonn colfu Osirodne raendd M Peicrrsop- eacntdiv Nesa noporous 55
Membranes 83
Maria Luisa Perrotta and Annarosa Gugliuzza
3.1 Introduction 84
3.2 Lithographic Techniques 86
3.2.1 Nanoimprint Lithography and Related
Subcategories 87
3.3 Phase Separation and Micro-Molding
Combined Techniques 92
3.4 Micro- and Nanostructured Arrays by
Colloidal Template Techniques 97
3.5 Self-Assembly of Nano-patterned Polymeric
Architectures 102
3.6 Breath Figure for Bio-inspired High-Defined
Membranes 106
3.6.1 Potential Controlling Mechanisms 107
3.6.2 Polymers Chemistry 109
3.6.3 Nature of Solvents 111
3.6.4 Temperature Effect 112
3.6.5 Surface Free Tension 112
3.6.6 Potential Applications of Honeycomb
Structures 114
3.7 Future Prospects and Concluding Remarks 118
Contents vii
4. Nanostructured Ion-Exchange Membranes 131
Enrica Fontananova and Enrico Drioli
4.1 Introduction to Ion-Exchange Membranes 132
4.2 Role of Physical and Chemical
Microenvironment on IEM Transport
Properties 136
4.3 Nanostructured Polymeric IEMs 144
4.4 Nanostructured Mixed Matrix IEMs 148
5. 4N.a5n ostrCuoctnucrleuds iZoeno lite Membranes: Synthesis and 152
Applications 161
Catia Algieri, Angelo Garofalo, and Enrico Drioli
5.1 Introduction 162
5.2 Preparation of Nanostructured Zeolite
Membranes 164
5.3 Characterization of Nanostructured Zeolite
Membranes 169
5.4 Scale-Up of MFI Zeolite Membranes 171
5.5 MFI Zeolite Membranes: Application in
Desalination Process 173
5.6 Zeolite Membranes in Catalytic Process 176
6. 5Tw.7o -DimFuentusrioen Pael rMspaetectriiavles afonrd M Coenmcblurasnioens 118923
Annarosa Gugliuzza, Antonio Politano, and
Enrico Drioli
6.1 Introduction 194
6.2 Methods for Exfoliation of 2D Materials 195
6.3 The Graphene Era: Status and Prospect 197
6.4 2D Materials “Beyond Graphene” 199
6.5 The Advent of 2D Materials in Membrane
Technology 202
6.5.1 Ion Filtering 202
6.5.2 Gas Separation 210
6.5.3 Energy Power and Storage 211
6.6 Conclusion and Outlook 213
viii Contents
7. Nanostructured Material Membranes for Gas Separation 225
Paola Bernardo
7.1 Introduction 226
7.2 Nanostructured Materials 229
7.2.1 Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity 231
7.2.1.1 Chemical modification
of PIM-1 235
7.2.1.2 Novel PIM structures 237
7.2.1.3 Free volume in PIMs 240
7.2.1.4 PIM-PIs 241
7.2.1.5 Shift in the state of the
art by ladder and
semi-ladder polymers 243
7.2.1.6 Mixed matrix membranes 244
7.2.1.7 Physical aging 246
8. 7N.a3n o-BaCsoendc Cluastiaolynt ic Membrane Reactors for 247
Hydrogen Production 259
Adele Brunetti and Giuseppe Barbieri
8.1 Introduction 260
8.2 Membrane Reactors 263
8.2.1 Configuration and Utilization 263
8.3 Membranes for MR 268
8.3.1 Pd Alloy 269
8.3.2 Ceramic 271
8.3.3 Zeolite 272
8.3.4 Carbon 272
8.3.5 Perovskites and MIEC 273
8.3.6 Composite 274
8.4 Membrane Reactors: Applications 274
8.4.1 Steam Reforming 276
8.4.1.1 Autothermal reforming 278
8.4.2 Water Gas Shift 279
8.5 CO Clean-Up 284
Contents ix
9. Nanostructured Functional Membranes for
Self-Cleaning Separations 297
Abaynesh Yihdego Gebreyohannes,
Annarosa Gugliuzza, and Lidietta Giorno
9.1 Introduction 298
9.2 Self-Cleaning Related Wetting 300
9.2.1 Wetting Concepts 301
9.2.2 Responsive Materials–Induced
Surface Cleaning via Wetting 303
9.2.2.1 Temperature and pH
stimulation 304
9.2.2.2 Light irradiation 304
9.2.2.3 Mechanical stress and
solvent annealing 305
9.3 Inorganic–Organic Nanocomposite
Membranes 306
9.3.1 TiO2-Loaded Self-Cleaning Membrane 307
9.3.2 Nano-silica Fabricated with Silver
Nanoparticle Antifouling Membranes 309
9.3.3 Carbon Nanotubes–Coated
Self-Cleaning Membranes 310
9.4 Biomimetic and Bio-inspired Self-Cleaning
Membranes 311
9.4.1 Enzyme-Loaded Self-Cleaning
Membranes 312
9.4.2 Bio-hybrid Magnetic-Responsive
Membranes 313
9.4.3 Polyoxometalates-Loaded
10. Innovative CoatinSge lMf-Celmeabnrainnge sM feomr Wbraatneer sT reatment 331279
Alberto Figoli, Claudia Ursino, and Francesco Galiano
10.1 Introduction 330
10.2 Solution Coating 331
10.2.1 Dip Coating 331
10.2.2 Spin and Spray Coating 333
10.2.3 Casting Coating 333
10.3 Polymerization Reactions 334
10.3.1 Interfacial Polymerization 334
