Table Of ContentSpringer Series in Materials Science 262
Xingcun Colin Tong
Functional
Metamaterials
and
Metadevices
Springer Series in Materials Science
Volume 262
Series editors
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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/856
Xingcun Colin Tong
Functional Metamaterials
and Metadevices
Xingcun Colin Tong
Bolingbrook, IL, USA
ISSN 0933-033X ISSN 2196-2812 (electronic)
Springer Series in Materials Science
ISBN 978-3-319-66043-1 ISBN 978-3-319-66044-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-66044-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017951443
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To my mother Wang BaoChun, who passed
away in 1979 from breast cancer, but
continues to live in our hearts forever.
Preface
Metamaterials are artificially engineered composites with designed properties
beyond those attainable in nature and with applications in all aspects of materials
science. From spatially tailored dielectrics to tunable, dynamic material properties
and unique nonlinear behavior, metamaterial systems have demonstrated tremen-
dous flexibility and functionality in electromagnetic, optical, acoustic, thermal, and
mechanical engineering. Furthermore, the field of metamaterials has been extended
from the mere pursuit of various exotic properties towards the realization of practi-
cal devices, leading to the concepts of dynamically reconfigurable metadevices or
functional metasurfaces. To meet the demands of students, scientists, and engineers
for a systematic reference source, this book introduces, comprehensively and in a
single voice, research and development progress in emerging metamaterials and
derived functional metadevices. Coverage includes electromagnetic, optical, acous-
tic, thermal, and mechanical metamaterials and related metadevices. It explores the
fundamental physics, design, and the engineering aspects, as well as the full array
of state-of-the-art applications for electronics, telecommunications, antennas, and
energy harvesting. Future challenges and potential in regard to design, modeling,
and fabrication are also addressed.
It is my great pleasure to acknowledge all help and support I have received from
my colleagues and friends who have contributed to my understanding of functional
metamaterials and metadevices. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to
Dr. David Packer and all other editing staff who have done a fantastic job on the
publication of this book.
Bolingbrook, IL, USA Xingcun Colin Tong
vii
Contents
1 Concepts From Metamaterials to Functional Metadevices . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Rationale for Metamaterials Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Classification of Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Evolution of Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 E merging Functional Metadevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.1 Reconfigurable and Tunable Metadevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.2 Electro-Optical Metadevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4.3 Liquid-Crystal Metadevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4.4 Phase-Change Metadevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.5 Superconducting Metadevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4.6 Ultrafast Photonic Metadevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4.7 Nonlinear Metadevices with Varactors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4.8 Metadevices Driven by Electromagnetic Forces . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4.9 Acoustic Metadevice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2 Design and Fabrication of Metamaterials and Metadevices . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 Common Design Approaches for Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.1 Resonant Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.2 Transmission Line Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1.3 Hybrid Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 G eneral Tuning Methods for Metadevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3 F abrication Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.1 Photolithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.2 Shadow Mask Lithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.3 Soft Lithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3.4 Electron Beam Lithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.3.5 3D Metamaterial Fabrication Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4 T uning Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4.1 Mechanical Tuning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4.2 Electromechanical Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
ix
x Contents
2.4.3 Lattice Displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.4.4 Thermal Stimulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.4.5 Material Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3 Electromagnetic Metamaterials and Metadevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1 Fundamental Theory of Electromagnetic Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2 Single-Negative Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2.1 Metamaterials with Negative Effective Permittivity
in the Microwave Regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2.2 Metamaterials with Negative Effective Permeability
in the Microwave Regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.3 Double-Negative Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.4 Zero-Index Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.5 Electromagnetic Bandgap Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.5.1 Types of EBG Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.5.2 Numerical Modeling of EBG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.5.3 EBG Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.6 Bi-isotropic and Bi-anisotropic Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.7 M icrowave Metamaterial-Inspired Metadevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4 T erahertz Metamaterials and Metadevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.2 Passive-Type Terahertz Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.2.1 Terahertz Metamaterials with Electric Responses . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.2.2 Terahertz Metamaterials with Magnetic Responses . . . . . . . . 59
4.2.3 Terahertz Metamaterials with Negative Refractive Indices . . . 60
4.2.4 Broadband Terahertz Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3 Active-Type Terahertz Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.3.1 Electrically Tunable THz Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.3.2 Optically Tunable THz Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.3.3 Mechanically Tunable THz Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.4 Flexible THz Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5 Photonic Metamaterials and Metadevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.2 Photonic Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.2.1 A Historical Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.2.2 Construction of Photonic Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.2.3 Applications of Photonic Crystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.3 Metamaterials Designed Through Transformation Optics . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.3.1 Metamaterials Mimicking Celestial Mechanics. . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.3.2 Metamaterial Gradient Index Lensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.3.3 Battlefield Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Contents xi
5.4 Hyperbolic Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.4.1 Hyperbolic Media in Retrospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.4.2 Design and Building Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.4.3 Photonic Hypercrystals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.4.4 Applications of Hyperbolic Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.5 Superconducting and Quantum Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.5.1 Low-Loss Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.5.2 Compact Meta-Atom Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.5.3 Superconducting Metamaterials with Nonlinearity
and Tenability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.5.4 Superconducting Metamaterials with Magnetic Flux
Quantization and Josephson Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.5.5 Diamagnetic Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.5.6 Quantum Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.6 N anomechanical Photonic Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.6.1 Electrostatic Actuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.6.2 Thermal Actuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.6.3 Magnetic Actuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.6.4 Optical Actuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6 C hiral Metamaterials and Metadevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.1 H istorical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.2 Chirality Parameter and Ellipticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.3 Typical Chiral Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
6.3.1 Chiral Metamaterials with Negative Refractive Index . . . . . . 109
6.3.2 3D Chiral Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.3.3 Self-assembled Chiral Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.3.4 Gyroid Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
6.3.5 Nonlinear Chiral Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.4 Chiroptical Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.4.1 Extrinsic Chirality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
6.4.2 Superchiral Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
6.5 Typical Applications of Chiral Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.5.1 Chiral Metamaterial Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.5.2 Nonlinear Optics in Chiral Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
6.5.3 Chiral Light–Matter Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.5.4 Active Chiral Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7 P lasmonic Metamaterials and Metasurfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.1 Plasmonic Meta-atoms and Their Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
7.2 Plasmonic Metamaterials Implementing Negative Refraction
and Negative Refractive Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7.3 Plasmonic Metasurfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
7.4 Graphene-based Plasmonic Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
