Functional Biomaterials: Design and Development for Biotechnology, Pharmacology, and Biomedicine: Volumes 1 & 2

592 Pages·2023·7.723 MB·English

by  Tamilselvan Mohan, Karin Stana Kleinschek

FunctionalBiomaterials
Functional Biomaterials
Design and Development for Biotechnology, Pharmacology,
and Biomedicine
Volume 1
Edited by Tamilselvan Mohan and Karin Stana Kleinschek
TheEditors AllbookspublishedbyWILEY-VCHGmbHare
carefullyproduced.Nevertheless,authors,
Prof.TamilselvanMohan editors,andpublisherdonotwarrantthe
GrazUniversityofTechnology informationcontainedinthesebooks,
InstituteforChemistryandTechnology includingthisbook,tobefreeoferrors.Readers
ofBio-BasedSystems(IBioSys) areadvisedtokeepinmindthatstatements,
Stremayrgasse9 data,illustrations,proceduraldetailsorother
8010Graz itemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate.
Austria
LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor
and
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
UniversityofMaribor Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable
FacultyofMechanicalEngineering fromtheBritishLibrary.
LaboratoryforCharacterizationand
ProcessingofPolymers Bibliographicinformationpublishedby
SmetanovaUlica17 theDeutscheNationalbibliothek
2000Maribor TheDeutscheNationalbibliotheklists
Slovenia thispublicationintheDeutsche
Nationalbibliografie;detailedbibliographic
Prof.KarinStanaKleinschek dataareavailableontheInternetat
GrazUniversityofTechnology <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.
InstituteforChemistryandTechnology
ofBio-BasedSystems(IBioSys) ©2023WILEY-VCHGmbH,Boschstraße12,
Stremayrgasse9 69469Weinheim,Germany
8010Graz
Austria Allrightsreserved(includingthoseof
translationintootherlanguages).Nopartof
CoverImage:©Pixabay thisbookmaybereproducedinanyform–by
photoprinting,microfilm,oranyother
means–nortransmittedortranslatedintoa
machinelanguagewithoutwrittenpermission
fromthepublishers.Registerednames,
trademarks,etc.usedinthisbook,evenwhen
notspecificallymarkedassuch,arenottobe
consideredunprotectedbylaw.
PrintISBN:978-3-527-35157-2
ePDFISBN:978-3-527-82764-0
ePubISBN:978-3-527-82766-4
oBookISBN:978-3-527-82765-7
Typesetting Straive,Chennai,India
v
Contents
Volume1
Preface xiii
1 DefinitionsandTypesofMicrobialBiopolyestersandDerived
Biomaterials 1
MartinKoller
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 BiopolymersasBioinspiredAlternatives 2
1.2.1 Defining“Bioplastics”IsNoTrivialTask! 2
1.2.2 BiodegradabilityofPHAandOtherBiopolymers 8
1.2.3 PHAasVersatileMicrobialBiopolyesters–FieldsofActualandPotential
Applications 9
1.2.3.1 PHAasPackagingMaterials 10
1.2.3.2 PHAasImplantMaterials 11
1.2.3.3 PHAforTissueEngineering 12
1.2.3.4 PHAasDrugCarrierMaterials 14
1.2.3.5 PHABiosynthesisCoupledtoBioremediation 15
1.2.3.6 SpecialApplicationsofPHA 16
1.2.3.7 ApplicationofPHA’sFollow-UpProducts 16
1.2.4 PHAGranulesAreMorethanSimpleBioplasticSpheres 18
1.2.5 AShortOverviewoftheMetabolismofPHABiosynthesisand
Degradation 20
1.2.5.1 TheKeyEnzymesforPHABiosynthesis 20
1.2.5.2 FactorsImpactingPHASynthasesActivity 20
1.2.5.3 Intra-andExtracellularPHADepolymerization 21
1.3 TypesofPHABiopolyesters 24
1.3.1 The“PHAome”DescribestheHighComplexityandVersatilityof
NaturalPHA 24
1.3.2 PHAHomo-andHeteropolyesters 24
1.3.3 Scl-,Mcl-,andLcl-PHAandTheirCharacteristics 24
1.3.3.1 Scl-PHA 25
vi Contents
1.3.3.2 Mcl-PHA 26
1.3.3.3 Lcl-PHA 27
1.3.4 MicrostructureofPHAHeteropolyester 27
1.3.5 FactorsDeterminingtheMolecularMassofPHA 29
1.3.5.1 GeneralAspectsofPHAMolecularMass 29
1.3.5.2 ImpactofPHASynthaseActivityonPHAMolecularMass 29
1.3.5.3 ImpactoftheTypeofPHASynthaseonPHAMolecularMass 30
1.3.5.4 ImpactofSubstrateTypeandFeedingConditionsonPHA
MolecularMass 30
1.3.5.5 ProductionofUltra-High-Molecular-MassPHA 31
1.4 Conclusions 32
References 33
2 AnalysisofChemicalCompositionofBiopolymersand
Biomaterials:AnXPSStudy 45
AlenkaVeselandMiranMozetic
2.1 BasicsofX-RayPhotoelectronSpectroscopy(XPS) 45
2.1.1 PeakFitting 50
2.2 ChemicalDerivatization 53
2.3 SomeFurtherExamplesofXPSAnalysesofComplexOrganic
Systems 55
2.4 Charging 58
2.5 BackgroundInformation 60
2.6 Angle-ResolvedXPS(ARXPS) 63
2.7 FunctionalCoatingsonPolymers 68
2.8 PracticalConsiderations 77
Acknowledgments 77
References 77
3 MethodsforCharacterizationofDielectricandThermal
PropertiesofBiomaterials 83
DanielaIoni¸t˘a,MihaiAsandulesa,andMarianaCristea
3.1 IntroductiontoThermalAnalysisTechniques 83
3.1.1 ThermogravimetricAnalysis 84
3.1.1.1 Applications 85
3.1.2 DifferentialScanningCalorimetry 85
3.1.2.1 Principle 85
3.1.2.2 ApplicationsofDSC 86
3.1.3 DynamicMechanicalAnalysis(DMA) 88
3.1.3.1 Principle 88
3.1.3.2 ApplicationsofDMA 89
3.1.4 BroadbandDielectricSpectroscopy 89
3.1.4.1 Principle 90
3.1.4.2 Applications 90
3.2 TheSignificanceofThermalAnalysisinBiopolymers 92
Contents vii
3.3 ApplicationsofThermalAnalysisintheCharacterizationof
Biopolymers 93
3.3.1 CharacterizationoftheThermalStabilityofBiopolymers 93
3.3.2 CharacterizationoftheGlassTransitionofBiopolymers 94
3.3.3 CharacterizationoftheSecondaryRelaxationsinBiopolymers 98
3.3.3.1 SecondaryRelaxationsinCellulose 98
3.3.3.2 SecondaryRelaxationsinChitosan 100
3.3.3.3 SecondaryRelaxationsinPullulan 100
3.3.4 CharacterizationofMoisturefromHydrogels 101
3.3.5 CharacterizationofElectricalConductivity 102
3.4 Conclusions 104
References 105
4 MethodsforCharacterizationofSurfaceChargeand
Solid–LiquidInteractionStudiesofBiomaterials 111
MatejBraˇciˇc,LidijaF.Zemljiˇc,OlivijaPlohl,andThomasLuxbacher
4.1 Introduction 111
4.2 SurfaceChargeCharacterizationofBiomaterials 112
4.2.1 PotentiometricTitration 112
4.2.2 ZetaPotential 117
4.2.3 ApplicationoftheZetaPotentialforBiomaterialCharacterization 123
4.2.3.1 PolyelectrolyteMultilayers 123
4.2.3.2 Polysaccharides 125
4.2.3.3 ElectrospunNanofibers 126
4.2.3.4 SkinandBone 128
4.2.3.5 Biosensors 130
4.2.3.6 Lipids 130
4.3 MethodsforCharacterizationofSolid–LiquidInteractionof
Biomaterials 132
4.3.1 QuartzCrystalMicrobalanceandSurfacePlasmonResonance 132
4.3.2 ZetaPotentialMeasurementsasaTooltoStudySolid–Liquid
InteractionsofBiomaterials 146
References 148
5 MethodsforAnalyzingtheBiologicalandBiomedical
PropertiesofBiomaterials 165
JanRožancandUrošMaver
5.1 Introduction 165
5.2 FundamentalsofCellBiologyasaBaseforTesting 167
5.3 InVitroMethodsforAnalyzingBiomaterials 168
5.3.1 CytotoxicityTests 169
5.3.1.1 DirectContactTests 170
5.3.1.2 IndirectContactTests 171
5.3.1.3 Extracts/ElutionTests 171
5.3.2 Cell–MaterialInteractionTests 171
viii Contents
5.3.2.1 CellMorphologyandAdhesion 171
5.3.2.2 CellViabilityAssay 173
5.3.2.3 MetabolicActivityAssay 174
5.3.2.4 ProliferationAssay 177
5.3.2.5 CellMotilityandMigrationAssay 178
5.3.3 HemocompatibilityTests 180
5.3.4 GenotoxicityandCarcinogenicityTesting 181
5.3.5 MonitoringIntracellularActivities 181
5.3.6 Real-TimeMonitoringofCellCultureSystems 183
5.3.7 High-ThroughputScreeningSystems 184
5.4 InVivoMethodsforAnalyzingBiomaterials 185
5.4.1 Sensitization,Irritation,andIntracutaneousReactivity 186
5.4.2 Biodegradation 187
5.4.3 InVivoGenotoxicity 187
5.4.4 SystemicToxicity 188
5.4.5 Implantation 189
5.5 ConcludingRemarksandPerspectives 189
References 191
6 PolysaccharideThinFilms–PreparationandAnalysis 199
CarinaSamplandStefanSpirk
6.1 BiopolymerThin-FilmPreparation 199
6.1.1 DirectPreparationofCelluloseFilms 201
6.1.1.1 ThinFilmsfromCelluloseSolutions 202
6.1.1.2 ThinFilmsfromColloidalNanocelluloseDispersions 203
6.1.2 IndirectPreparationofCelluloseFilmsfromaSolubleDerivative 205
6.2 CharacterizationofBiopolymerThinFilms 208
6.2.1 SurfaceMorphology 208
6.2.2 Thin-FilmThickness 210
6.2.3 ElementalComposition 211
6.2.4 FunctionalGroupsandHydrogen-BindingPatterns 213
6.2.5 Wettability 215
6.2.6 SurfaceCharge 216
6.2.7 Thin-FilmStructure 218
6.2.8 SwellingandAdsorptionBehavior 220
6.3 Conclusion 224
References 225
7 BiopolymerThinFilmsas“Smart”MaterialsinBiomedical
Applications 239
TanjaZidariˇcandUrošMaver
7.1 Introduction 239
7.2 FrequentlyUsedBiopolymers 240
7.2.1 Cellulose 240
7.2.2 Starch 241
Contents ix
7.2.3 ChitinandChitosan 242
7.2.4 Alginate 243
7.2.5 Gelatin 244
7.2.6 Polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHA) 245
7.2.7 PolylacticAcid(PLA) 246
7.2.8 BiopolymerComposites 247
7.3 Stimuli-ResponsiveBiopolymerThinFilms 248
7.3.1 pH-ResponsiveBiopolymers 248
7.3.2 Thermo-SensitiveBiopolymers 250
7.3.3 Redox-SensitiveBiopolymers 251
7.4 BiomedicalApplicationsofBiopolymers 251
7.4.1 Drug-DeliverySystems 251
7.4.2 Wound-HealingMaterials 253
7.4.3 BioactiveCoatingsforMedicalDevicesandImplants 255
7.4.4 Bioelectronics(Biocomposites) 256
7.5 Conclusions 259
Acknowledgment 260
References 260
8 Biopolymer-BasedNanofibers–Synthesis,Characterization,
andApplicationinTissueEngineeringandRegenerative
Medicine 269
MerinS.Thomas,PrasanthK.S.Pillai,SabuThomas,andLalyA.Pothen
8.1 Introduction 269
8.2 DifferentStrategiesofNanofiberDevelopment 270
8.2.1 Drawing 270
8.2.2 TemplateSynthesis 270
8.2.3 PhaseSeparation 270
8.2.4 Self-Assembly 271
8.2.5 Electrospinning 271
8.2.5.1 AdvantagesofElectrospunNanofibers 272
8.3 Biopolymers 272
8.3.1 ChitosanNanofibers 272
8.3.2 CelluloseNanofibers 273
8.4 CharacterizationTechniques 274
8.4.1 MorphologicalAnalysis 274
8.4.2 ScanningElectronMicroscopy(SEM) 274
8.4.2.1 TransmissionElectronMicroscopy(TEM) 274
8.4.2.2 AtomicForceMicroscopy(AFM) 275
8.4.3 MechanicalCharacterization 275
8.4.3.1 NanotensileTest 275
8.4.3.2 Nanoindentation 276
8.5 Applications 276
8.5.1 TissueEngineering 276
8.5.2 DrugDelivery 277
x Contents
8.5.3 WoundHealing 278
8.5.4 Biosensors 279
8.6 Conclusions 280
References 280
9 FormationofPolysaccharide-BasedNanoparticlesandTheir
BiomedicalApplication 287
ThomasElschner
9.1 Introduction 287
9.2 NanoparticleFormation 287
9.2.1 NanoprecipitationbyDroppingTechnique 288
9.2.1.1 Methodology 288
9.2.1.2 Examples 290
9.2.2 Dialysis 291
9.2.2.1 Methodology 291
9.2.2.2 Examples 291
9.2.3 Emulsification–Evaporation 292
9.2.3.1 Methodology 292
9.2.3.2 Examples 293
9.2.4 MiscellaneousNanoparticleFormation 295
9.3 InteractionwithCells 295
9.3.1 CellularUptake 295
9.3.2 NanospheresofOrgano-Soluble6-Deoxy-6-(𝜔-Aminoalkyl)Amino
CelluloseCarbamates 296
9.4 ReleaseMechanisms 297
9.5 ExamplesinTherapeuticsandDiagnostics 298
References 299
Volume2
Preface xi
10 AdvancedMethodsforDesignofScaffoldsfor
3DCellCulturing 305
BoštjanVihar,MarkoMilojevic´,LukaBanovic´,andUrošMaver
11 MethodsandChallengesintheFabricationof
Biopolymer-BasedScaffoldsforTissueEngineering
Application 335
DanielaIvanov
12 Solvent-CastingApproachforDesignofPolymerScaffoldsand
TheirMultifunctionalApplications 371
BlessyJoseph,CintilJose,SagarikaV.Kavil,NandakumarKalarikkal,and
SabuThomas