Function of Quinones in Energy Conserving Systems

566 Pages·1982·24.788 MB·English

by  Bernard Trumpower (Eds.)

FUNCTION OF
QUINONES
IN
ENERGY
CONSERVING
SYSTEMS
Edited by
BERNARD L. TRUMPOWER
Department of Biochemistry
Dartmouth Medical School
Hanover, New Hampshire
1982
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United Kingdom Edition published by
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Function of quinones in energy conserving systems.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Ubiquinone--Physiological effect. 2. Energy
metabolism. I. Trumpower, Bernard L.
QP801.Q5F86 1982 57^·19'127 82-8846
ISBN O-I2-7OI28O-X AACR2
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
82 83 84 85 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Assunta Baccarini-Melandri
1940-1981
The scientific community has been struck by the death of Assunta Bac­
carini-Melandri, who died in April 1981 after a tragic traffic accident—a
great loss for her family and for the people in bioenergetics to whom she
increasingly dedicated her activities in the past years.
Born in 1940 and raised in Faenza, Italy, she studied biology in Bologna
and received her doctoral degree in 1962. While spending two postdoc­
toral years in Bloomington, Indiana, she and her husband were intro­
duced to photosynthetic bacteria by Howard Gest. The two young sci­
entists were immediately fascinated with the versatility of these respiring
and photosynthesizing organisms, as well as the possibilities for research
on bacterial bioenergetics (work on E. coli was almost purely molecular
biology at that time). They recognized the possible evolutionary implica­
tions for respiratory and photosynthetic processes in higher organisms. In
the intervening years, the photosynthetic bacteria remained important in
research by the Melandris, who maintained intensive contact and experi­
mental collaboration with other laboratories, especially with the groups of
Baltscheffsky, Crofts, Marrs, and Jackson. I personally feel very fortu­
nate to have participated in this experimental collaboration and stimulat­
ing exchange of ideas.
In Bloomington, Assunta started her work on photosynthetic bacteria
with a study on the coupling factor ATPase, demonstrating that the same
enzyme complex functions in oxidative as well as in photosynthetic ATP
formation. This result suggested that both processes take place on the
same membrane. Back in Bologna, the respiratory chain of Rhodopseudo-
VI Dedication
monas capsulata was investigated in detail. As in mitochondria, three
coupling sites were identified between NADH and 0 . However, the
2
chain was found to be branched not only on the dehydrogenating side but
also on the oxidizing end: two cytochrome b type oxidases were charac­
terized, one of them being reduced by cytochrome c , much as cy­
2
tochrome c reduces cytochrome oxidase in mitochondria. Since cy­
tochrome c was known also as the electron donor for the reaction center
2
in these bacteria, it was concluded that respiratory and photo synthetic
electron transport share common carriers. Assunta established this for
cytochrome c in further experiments. In an additional study, cytochrome
2
c was found to be located in the periplasmic space, where it proved to be
2
topographically and functionally analogous to cytochrome c in mitochon­
dria, and to algal cytochrome c or plastocyanin in chloroplasts. From
these observations, a basically universal organization of energy conserv­
ing electron transport in biomembranes was derived.
Another extensive study by the research group in Bologna was of the
electrochemical proton gradient maintained in illuminated chromato-
phores of photosynthetic bacteria and of the associated photophosphory-
lation. Although this system behaved in many respects according to the
chemiosmotic hypothesis, there were some inconsistencies, one of them
being that ATP formation stopped very rapidly after illumination, al­
though the H+-potential decayed only slowly, remaining above the thresh­
old for phosphorylation for a rather long time. This pointed to a direct ef­
fect of electron transport on the coupling factor ATPase.
The last major investigation by Assunta was to discover the role of ubi-
quinone in photosynthetic bacteria. She contributed to the belief that
there are four different sites of ubiquinone involvement in cyclic electron
transport: two lying in series on the donor side of the reaction center, one
lying between cytochromes b and c, and one constituting the large ubi­
quinone pool—the function of which still remains unclear. In extraction-
reconstitution studies, Assunta demonstrated that the length of the iso-
prenoid side chain determines the differential interaction with these reac­
tion sites. Moreover, she established that the whole quinone pool was
required for ATP formation in continuous light; however, as had been
demonstrated by others, over 90% of the pool could be removed without
effect on the turnover of cyclic electron transport in flashing light. It was
found later that the ATP yield per single turnover flash did not depend on
the presence of the quinone pool if flashes were optimally spaced with
time, but it did so if the frequency of the flashes was increased. This inter­
esting result could not be explained in simple chemiosmotic terms and
again pointed to a regulation of the coupling factor ATPase by electron
transport, possibly by the quinone pool.
Dedication Vll
It is obvious that Assunta contributed substantially to our current view
of bioenergetic processes. But it was not only research which made her
important to our field: it was also her charming personality, basically shy
but quite determined, which ideally qualified her as an ambassador for
bioenergetics far beyond the borders of her country, on numerous visits
to the United States, the countries within Europe, and the Soviet Union.
Another facet of her character was her ability as an organizer, revealed
upon her election, in 1977, to the presidency of the Italian Bioenergetics
Group, a position she held for four years. Many of us also remember viv­
idly the delightful First European Bioenergetics Conference which she or­
ganized in Urbino, Italy. To her memory we dedicate this book.
Günter Hauska
Regensburg, West Germany
CONTRIBUTORS
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin.
Brian A. C. Ackrell (319), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,
University of California, San Francisco, and Molecular Biology Di­
vision, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco,
California 94121
Adolfo Alexandre (541), Department of Physiological Chemistry, The
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Mary­
land 21205
Hiroyuki Arata1 (199), Department of Biochemistry, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
C. J. Arntzen (443), MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
A. Baccarini-Melandri2 (285), Istituto e Orto Botanico, Universita di
Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
W. F. Becker (351), Institut für Physikalische Biochemie, Universität
München, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany
Helmut Beinert (227), Institute for Enzyme Research, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
Jan A. Berden (153, 235), Laboratory of Biochemistry, B.C.P. Jansen
Institute, University of Amsterdam, 1018TV Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
Charles L. Bering3 (35), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Bi-
1 Present address: Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylva­
nia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
2 Deceased.
3 Present address: Department of Natural Sciences, State University of New York, Col­
lege of Technology, Utica, New York 13502.
xv
XVI Contributors
ology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
Evanston, Illinois 60201
Enrico Bertoli (111), Istituto di Chimica Biologica, Universitä di Bolo­
gna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
Haywood Blum (247), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
Bernadette Bouges-Bocquet4 (409), Institut de Biologie Physico-Chi-
mique, 75005 Paris, France
John R. Bowyer5 (365, 377, 477), Department of Biochemistry, Dart­
mouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
F. Capuano (527), Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Medi­
cine and Center for the Study of Mitochondria and Energy Metab­
olism, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
Claudio Casali (111), Istituto e Orto Botanico, Universitä di Bologna,
40126 Bologna, Italy
Therese M. Cotton6 (35), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University,
Evanston, Illinois 60201
Antony R. Crofts (477), Department of Physiology and Biophysics,
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
Robert Crowley (453), Department of Plant and Soil Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720
David Crowther7 (499), Biology Department, Brookhaven National Lab­
oratory, Upton, New York 11973
S. C. Darr (443), MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
R. J. Debus (299), Department of Physics, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
Mauro Degli Esposti (111), Istituto e Orto Botanico, Universitä di Bo­
logna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
Simon de Vries (153, 235), Laboratory of Biochemistry, B.C.P. Jansen
Institute, University of Amsterdam, 10181 TV Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
4 Present address: UPMTG-Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris, cedex 15
France.
5 Present address: Sittingbourne Research Centre, Sittingbourne, Kent, England, ME9
8AG.
6 Present address: Illinois Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Chicago,
Illinois 60616.
7 Present address: Department of Botany and Microbiology, University College London,
London WC1E 6BT, England.
Contributors XVU
P. Leslie Dutton (29, 265, 271, 277), Department of Biochemistry and
Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
19104
Carol A. Edwards8 (377), Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth
Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
W. D. Engel (351), Institut für Physikalische Biochemie, Universität
München, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany
Romana Fato (111), Istituto di Chimica Biologica, Universitä di Bolo­
gna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
G. Feher (299), Department of Physics, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
N. Gabellini (285), Istituto e Orto Botanico, Universitä di Bologna,
40126 Bologna, Italy
Peter B. Garland (465), Department of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences
Institute, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland,
England
Asher Gopher (511), Department of Biochemistry, Tel-Aviv University,
Tel-Aviv, Israel
A. C. F. Gorren (213), Department of Biophysics, Huygens Laboratory
of the State University, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
F. Guerrieri (527), Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Medi­
cine and Center for the Study of Mitochondria and Energy Metab­
olism, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
M. R. Gunner (29, 265), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
Menachem Gutman (511), Department of Biochemistry, Tel-Aviv Uni­
versity, Tel-Aviv, Israel
Charles R. Hackenbrock (125), Laboratories for Cell Biology, Depart­
ment of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of North Caro­
lina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
Günter Hauska (87), Institute of Botany, University of Regensburg, Re­
gensburg, Federal Republic of Germany
Geoffrey Hind (499), Biology Department, Brookhaven National Labo­
ratory, Upton, New York 11973
Eduard Hurt (87), Institute of Botany, University of Regensburg, Re­
gensburg, Federal Republic of Germany
G. Izzo (527), Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine
and Center for the Study of Mitochondria and Energy Metabolism,
University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
8 Present address: Laboratory for Plant Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University,
New York, New York 10021.
XV111 Contributors
U. Johanningmeier (425), Department of Biology, Ruhr-University, 4630
Bochum, Federal Republic of Germany
Robert W. Jones (465), Noyes Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences,
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
Edna B. Kearney (319), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Uni­
versity of California, San Francisco, California 94143, and Molecular
Biology Division, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San
Francisco, California 94121
Tsoo E. King (3), Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Bioener-
getics, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York
12222
D. Kleinfeld (299), Department of Physics, University of California, San
Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
Albert L. Lehninger (541), Department of Physiological Chemistry, The
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
21205
John J. Lemasters (125), Laboratories for Cell Biology, Department of
Anatomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill,
North Carolina 27514
Giorgio Lenaz (111), Istituto e Orto Botanico, Universitä di Bologna,
40126 Bologna, Italy
Paul A. Loach (35), Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell
Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60201
M. Lorusso (527), Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine
and Center for the Study of Mitochondria and Energy Metabolism,
University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
Richard Malkin (453), Department of Plant and Soil Biology, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720
Sergio Mascarello (111), Istituto di Chimica Biologica, Universitä di Bolo­
gna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
K. Matsuura (277), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Univer­
sity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
Steve W. Meinhardt (477), Department of Physiology and Biophysics,
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
B. A. Melandri (285), Istituto e Orto Botanico, Universitä di Bologna,
40126 Bologna, Italy
Peter Mitchell (553), Glynn Research Institute, Bodmin, Cornwall PL30
4AU, England
Larry E. Morrison9 (35), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biol­
ogy, and Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evan­
ston, Illinois 60201
9 Present address: Standard Oil Company, Warrenville Road and Mill, Naperville, Illinois
60540.
Contributors XIX
Jennifer Moyle (553), Glynn Research Institute, Bodmin, Cornwall PL30
4AU, England
P. Mueller (277), Department of Molecular Biology, Eastern Pennsylvania
Psychiatric Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129
J. E. Mullet (443), MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
W. Oettmeier (425), Department of Biology, Ruhr-University, 4630 Bo-
chum, Federal Republic of Germany
Tomoko Ohnishi (247), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Uni­
versity of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
M. Y. Okamura (299), Department of Physics, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
Daniel P. O'Keefe (271), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
N. K. Packham (277), Department of Molecular Biology, Eastern Pennsyl­
vania Psychiatric Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129
S. Papa (527), Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine and
Center for the Study of Mitochondria and Energy Metabolism, Uni­
versity of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
Giovanna Parenti-Castelli (111), Istituto di Chimica Biologica, Univer-
sitä di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
William W. Parson (199), Department of Biochemistry, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
K. Pfister10 (443), Botanical Institute I, University of Würzburg, D-87
Würzburg, Germany
Veronica M. Poore (141), Department of Biochemistry, University of
Southampton, Southampton S09 3TU, England
Roger C. Prince (29, 265, 271), Department of Biochemistry and Biophys­
ics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
C. Ian Ragan (141), Department of Biochemistry, University of South­
ampton, Southampton S09 3TU, England
Rona R. Ramsay (319), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Uni­
versity of California, San Francisco, California 94143 and Molecu­
lar Biology Division, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San
Francisco, California 94121
Peter R. Rich (73), Department of Biochemistry, University of Cam­
bridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, England
Frank J. Ruzicka (227), Institute for Enzyme Research, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
John C. Salerno (247), Department of Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic In­
stitute, Troy, New York 12181
10 Present address: CIBA-Geigy Co., Basel, Switzerland.