Fuels, chemicals and materials from the oceans and aquatic sources

295 Pages·2017·7.57 MB·English

by  Kerton

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Fuels, Chemicals and Materials
from the Oceans and
Aquatic Sources
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Wiley Series in Renewable Resources
SeriesEditor
ChristianV.Stevens–FacultyofBioscienceEngineering,GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium
TitlesintheSeries
WoodModification–Chemical,ThermalandOtherProcesses
CallumA.S.Hill
Renewables-BasedTechnology–SustainabilityAssessment
JoDewulf&HermanVanLangenhove
IntroductiontoChemicalsfromBiomass
JamesH.Clark&FabienE.I.Deswarte
Biofuels
WimSoetaert&ErickVandamme
HandbookofNaturalColorants
ThomasBechtold&RitaMussak
SurfactantsfromRenewableResources
MikaelKjellin&IngegardJohansson
IndustrialApplicationofNaturalFibres–Structure,PropertiesandTechnicalApplications
JorgMussig
ThermochemicalProcessingofBiomass–ConversionintoFuels,ChemicalsandPower
RobertC.Brown
BiorefineryCo-Products:Phytochemicals,PrimaryMetabolitesandValue-AddedBiomass
Processing
ChantalBergeron,DanielleJulieCarrier&ShriRamaswamy
(cid:2) AqueousPretreatmentofPlantBiomassforBiologicalandChemicalConversiontoFuels (cid:2)
andChemicals
CharlesE.Wyman
Bio-BasedPlastics:MaterialsandApplications
StephanKabasci
IntroductiontoWoodandNaturalFiberComposites
DouglasStokke,QinglinWu&GuangpingHan
CellulosicEnergyCroppingSystems
DouglasL.Karlen
IntroductiontoChemicalsfromBiomass,SecondEdition
JamesClark&FabienDeswarte
LigninandLignansasRenewableRawMaterials:Chemistry,TechnologyandApplications
FranciscoG.Calvo-Flores,JoseA.Dobado,JoaquinIsac-Garcia&FranciscoJ.Martin-Martinez
CelluloseNanocrystals:Properties,ProductionandApplications
WadoodHamad
ForthcomingTitles
BiorefineryofInorganics:RecoveringMineralNutrientsfromBiomassandOrganicWaste
ErikMeers&GerardVelthof
Bio-BasedSolvents
FrancoisJerome&RafaelLuque
NanoporousCatalystsforBiomassConversion
Feng-ShouXiao&LiangWang
TheChemicalBiologyofPlantBiostimulants
DannyGeelen
BiobasedPackaging:Material,EnvironmentalandEconomicAspects
MohdSapuanSalit&MuhammedLaminSanyang
ThermochemicalProcessingofBiomass:ConversionintoFuels,ChemicalsandPower2e
RobertC.Brown
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Fuels, Chemicals and
Materials from
the Oceans and
Aquatic Sources
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Editedby
FRANCESCA M. KERTON
DepartmentofChemistry,MemorialUniversityofNewfoundland,
Canada
NING YAN
DepartmentofChemicalandBiomolecularEngineering,
NationalUniversityofSingapore,Singapore
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2017
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Contents
ListofContributors xi
SeriesPreface xiii
Preface xv
1 OverviewofOceanandAquaticSourcesfortheProductionof
ChemicalsandMaterials 1
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FrancescaM.KertonandNingYan
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Shellfish-BasedBiomass 3
1.2.1 CrustaceanShells 3
1.2.2 MolluscShells 7
1.3 Finfish-BasedBiomass 9
1.4 Plant-BasedBiomass 12
1.5 SummaryandOutlook 13
References 14
2 ProductionandConversionofGreenMacroalgae(Ulvaspp.) 19
ShuntaroTsubaki,WenrongZhuandMasanoriHiraoka
2.1 ProductionofUlvaBiomass 19
2.1.1 Land-BasedTankCultureinKōchi 20
2.1.2 ImprovementforMoreIntensiveCulture 25
2.2 ConversionofUlvaBiomass 27
2.2.1 Microwave-AssistedHydrothermalReactionofBiomass 28
2.2.2 Microwave-AssistedConversionofUlvaBiomass 29
2.3 Conclusions 36
References 36
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vi Contents
3 ANewWaveofResearchInterestinMarineMacroalgaefor
ChemicalsandFuels:ChallengesandPotentials 43
RaviS.Baghel,VaibhavA.MantriandC.R.K.Reddy
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 MacroalgalFeedstockforChemicals 44
3.3 MarineMacroalgaeasaBiorefineryFeedstock 45
3.4 MarineMacroalgalBiomassasanEnergyFeedstock 46
3.4.1 Bioethanol 47
3.4.2 Biodiesel 48
3.4.3 Biobutanol 48
3.4.4 Bio-oil 55
3.5 AdvancesinCultivationTechnology 55
3.6 MarineAlgalCultivationforCO Sequestration 56
2
3.7 Opportunities,ChallengesandConclusions 57
References 58
4 Kappaphycusalvarezii:APotentialSustainableResourcefor
FertilizersandFuels 65
DibyenduMondalandKamaleshPrasad
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 CompositionandProcessingofKappaphycusalvarezii 66
(cid:2) 4.3 SimultaneousProductionofLiquidFertilizer(κ-Sap)and (cid:2)
κ-CarrageenanfromFreshKappaphycusalvareziiSeaweed 68
4.4 κ-SapasPotentialPlantStimulant 69
4.5 Manipulationofκ-SapforSustainableBiomassIntensification
ofMaize 71
4.6 BioethanolProductionfromKappaphycusalvarezii 72
4.6.1 PretreatmentofFreshlyHarvestedBiomass 74
4.6.2 HydrolysisoftheDryBiomasstoObtainFermentable
Sugars 74
4.6.3 PretreatmentofHydrolysatetoReducethe
ConcentrationofFermentationInhibitoryComponents 74
4.6.4 EnzymaticFermentationoftheHydrolysatetoYield
Ethanol 76
4.6.5 PurificationofEthanolfromFermentationBroth 77
4.7 FuelIntermediatesandUsefulChemicalfromKappaphycus
alvarezii 77
4.8 EnvironmentalImpactofFuelandFertilizersProductionfrom
Kappaphycusalvarezii 79
4.9 ConclusionandFutureProspect 79
Acknowledgement 79
References 80
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Contents vii
5 MicroalgaeBioproduction – Feeds,Foods,Nutraceuticals,
andPolymers 83
CliffordR.MerzandKevanL.Main
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 MicroalgaeandBioproductionMethods 85
5.2.1 MicroalgaeGroupsConsidered 85
5.2.2 BioproductionofMicroalgae – Methods 86
5.3 MicroalgaeFeedstockProductsandCoproducts 94
5.3.1 MicroalgaeasAnimalFeed 94
5.3.2 MicroalgaeasaHumanFoodSource 95
5.3.3 MicroalgaeinNutraceuticals 96
5.3.4 BiopolymersfromMicroalgae 98
5.4 Conclusion – ThePathForward 102
Acknowledgments 103
References 103
6 InnovationsinCrustaceanProcessing:BioproductionofChitin
andItsDerivatives 113
HeatherManuel
6.1 Introduction 113
6.2 InnovationsinCrustaceanProcessing 115
(cid:2) 6.2.1 ConventionalProcessingTechnologies 115 (cid:2)
6.2.2 InnovationsinCrustaceanProcessing 122
6.3 UtilizationofMarineBy-Products 128
6.3.1 ProcessingTechnologiesforCrustaceanBy-Products 129
6.3.2 ABiorefineryApproachforValue-ChainOptimization
ofCrustaceanBiomassWaste 130
6.4 BioproductionofChitinandItsDerivatives 132
6.4.1 Background 132
6.4.2 IsolationandExtractionofChitinandChitosan 134
6.4.3 Non-chemicalStructuralModificationsofChitinand
Chitosan 139
6.5 Conclusions 141
References 143
7 RecentProgressintheUtilizationofChitin/Chitosanfor
ChemicalsandMaterials 151
BinLiandXindongMu
7.1 Structure,SourceandPropertiesofChitin/Chitosan 151
7.2 IsolationandPurificationofChitin/Chitosan 153
7.3 DerivativesofChitin/Chitosan 155
7.4 UtilizationofChitin/ChitosanforChemicalsandMaterials 156
7.4.1 UtilizationofChitin/ChitosanforChemicals 156
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viii Contents
7.4.2 UtilizationofChitin/ChitosanforMaterials 170
7.5 ClosingRemarkandPerspectives 179
References 180
8 CharacterizationandUtilizationofWasteStreamsfromMollusc
AquacultureandFishingIndustries 189
JenniferN.MurphyandFrancescaM.Kerton
8.1 Introduction 189
8.2 ProcessingandCharacterizationofMolluscShells 192
8.2.1 ProcessingTechnologies 192
8.2.2 CharacterizationofShells 195
8.3 ApplicationsofMolluscShells 199
8.3.1 SoilAmendment 201
8.3.2 TreatmentofMetalContaminationandAcidMine
Drainage 202
8.3.3 PhosphateRemovalandWaterPurification 208
8.3.4 BuildingMaterials 212
8.3.5 Mollusc-DerivedCalciumOxideinCatalysis 219
8.4 Conclusions 224
References 225
(cid:2) 9 FishProcessingWasteStreamsasaFeedstockforFuels 229 (cid:2)
KellyHawboldtandIbraheemAdeoti
9.1 Introduction 229
9.2 FishProcessingBy-Product 230
9.3 ChemicalandPhysicalPropertiesofCrudeFishOil 231
9.3.1 ChemicalCompositionofCrudeFishOil 233
9.4 OilRecoveryProcessesandParameters 236
9.4.1 Physical/ThermalSeparationProcesses 236
9.4.2 ChemicalExtractionProcesses 238
9.4.3 Biological/ChemicalHydrolysisandFermentation 244
9.4.4 Purification 245
9.4.5 PreservationofFeedstockandtheRecoveredOil 246
9.5 FuelPropertiesofCrudeandRefinedFishOils 247
9.5.1 RheologicalProperties 247
9.5.2 ChemicalPropertiesAffectingFuelQuality 248
9.5.3 ThermalProperties 249
9.5.4 OtherFuelProperties 250
9.6 PerformanceofCrudeFishOilasaFuel 251
9.7 UpgradingMarineCrudeBio-Oil 251
9.7.1 TypesofRefinedFishOilProducts 252
9.7.2 Transesterification 255
9.7.3 Pyrolysis 258
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Contents ix
9.7.4 Microemulsification 258
9.7.5 AlternativeProcesses 259
9.8 EmissionComparisonforBio-Oils 259
9.8.1 CrudeFishOil 261
9.8.2 FishBiodiesel 262
9.8.3 BiogasfromFishWaste 263
9.8.4 FishBiofuelsfromOtherProcesses 264
9.9 ComparisonofCrudeOilandRefinedOilPerformanceasaFuel 265
9.10 ComparisonofFishBiofuels 268
9.11 Summary 268
References 269
Index 277
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List of Contributors
IbraheemAdeoti DepartmentofProcessEngineering,MemorialUniversityof
Newfoundland,Canada
RaviS.Baghel MarineBiotechnologyandEcologyDivision,CSIR–Central
Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, India; Academy of Scientific
and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research
Institute,India
(cid:2) KellyHawboldt DepartmentofProcessEngineering,MemorialUniversityof (cid:2)
Newfoundland,Canada
MasanoriHiraoka UsaMarineBiologicalInstitute,Ko¯chiUniversity,Japan
FrancescaM.Kerton DepartmentofChemistry,MemorialUniversityofNew-
foundland,Canada
BinLi CASKeyLaboratoryofBio-BasedMaterial,QingdaoInstituteofBioen-
ergyandBioprocessTechnology,ChineseAcademyofSciences,China
KevanL.Main Marine & Freshwater Aquaculture Research Program, Mote
MarineLaboratory,USA
VaibhavA.Mantri Marine Biotechnology and Ecology Division, CSIR –
CentralSalt&MarineChemicalsResearchInstitute,India;AcademyofScientific
and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research
Institute,India
HeatherManuel CentreforAquacultureandSeafoodDevelopment,Fisheries
andMarineInstituteofMemorialUniversityofNewfoundland,Canada
CliffordR.Merz UniversityofSouthFlorida,CollegeofMarineScience,USA
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