Fuel Cell Science and Engineering: Materials, Processes, Systems and Technology

1241 Pages·2012·15.171 MB·English

EditedbyDetlefStoltenandBerndEmonts
FuelCellScienceandEngineering
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Edited by Detlef Stolten and Bernd Emonts
Fuel Cell Science and Engineering
Materials, Processes, Systems and Technology
Volume 1
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V
Contents toVolume 1
ListofContributors XIX
PartI Technology 1
1 TechnicalAdvancementofFuel-CellResearchandDevelopment 3
BerndEmonts,LudgerBlum,ThomasGrube,WernerLehnert,Ju¨rgen
Mergel,MartinMu¨ller,andRalfPeters
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 RepresentativeResearchFindingsforSOFCs 4
1.2.1 TubularConcepts 4
1.2.2 PlanarDesigns 6
1.2.3 ActorsandMajorAreasofDevelopment 8
1.2.4 StateofCellandStackDevelopments 10
1.3 RepresentativeResearchFindingsforHT-PEFCs 11
1.3.1 ActorsandMajorAreasofDevelopment 11
1.3.2 CharacteristicDataforCellsandStacks 12
1.4 RepresentativeResearchFindingsforDMFCs 12
1.4.1 DMFCsforPortableApplications 13
1.4.2 DMFCsforLightTraction 14
1.5 ApplicationandDemonstrationinTransportation 17
1.5.1 FuelCellsandBatteriesforPropulsion 17
1.5.2 On-BoardPowerSupplywithFuelCells 22
1.6 FuelCellsforStationaryApplications 24
1.6.1 StationaryApplicationsinBuildingTechnology 24
1.6.2 StationaryIndustrialApplications 26
1.7 SpecialMarketsforFuelCells 26
1.8 MarketableDevelopmentResults 27
1.8.1 Submarine 27
1.8.2 DMFCBatteryChargers 27
1.8.3 UninterruptablePowerSupply/BackupPower 29
1.8.4 LightTraction 30
VI Contents
1.9 Conclusion 30
References 32
2 Single-ChamberFuelCells 43
TeˆkoW.NappornandMelanieKuhn
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 SC-SOFCs 44
2.2.1 BasicPrinciplesofSingle-ChamberFuelCellOperation 44
2.2.2 CatalysisinSC-SOFCs 46
2.2.3 HeatProductionandRealCellTemperature 47
2.2.4 CurrentCollection 48
2.2.5 ElectrodeandElectrolyteMaterials 48
2.2.6 AnodeMaterials 48
2.2.7 CathodeMaterials 49
2.2.8 ElectrolyteMaterials 50
2.3 SC-SOFCSystems 50
2.3.1 Electrolyte-SupportedSC-SOFCs 50
2.3.2 Anode-SupportedSC-SOFCs 51
2.3.3 SC-SOFCswithCoplanarElectrodes 52
2.3.3.1 CellPerformance 52
2.3.3.2 Miniaturization 56
2.3.3.3 LimitationsandChallenges 57
2.3.4 FullyPorousSC-SOFCs 59
2.3.5 TubularSC-SOFCs 60
2.4 ApplicationsofSC-SOFCsSystems 60
2.5 Conclusion 61
References 61
3 TechnologyandApplicationsofMoltenCarbonateFuelCells 67
BarbaraBosio,ElisabettaArato,andPaoloGreppi
3.1 MoltenCarbonateFuelCellsoverview 67
3.1.1 OperatingPrinciple 67
3.1.2 OperatingConditions 69
3.1.3 GeometryandMaterials 70
3.1.4 Reforming 71
3.1.5 BalanceofPlant 73
3.1.6 Vendors 75
3.1.7 StateoftheArt 75
3.2 AnalysisofMCFCTechnology 76
3.2.1 Approach 76
3.2.2 TechnologyOptimization 79
3.2.3 ScientificKnowledge 81
3.3 ConventionalandInnovativeApplications 86
3.3.1 DistributedGeneration 86
3.3.2 CarbonCapture,Storage,andTransportation 87
Contents VII
3.3.3 HydrogenCo-generation 89
3.3.4 RenewableFuels 89
3.3.5 OtherApplications 90
3.4 Conclusion 90
ListofSymbols 91
References 92
4 AlkalineFuelCells 97
ErichGu¨lzow
4.1 HistoricalIntroductionandPrinciple 97
4.2 ConceptsofAlkalineFuel-CellDesignConcepts 99
4.2.1 TraditionalStacks 100
4.2.2 ElofluxCellDesign 100
4.2.3 FallingFilmCell 101
4.2.4 BipolarStackConceptbyDLR 101
4.2.5 HydrocellConcept 102
4.2.6 OvonicsConcept 103
4.2.7 StackDesignwithAnion-ExchangeMembranes 104
4.2.8 AlkalineDirectEthanolFuelCellsAssembledwithaNon-Platinum
Catalyst 104
4.2.8.1 ElectrodeTypes 105
4.2.9 PTFE-BondedGasDiffusionElectrodes 105
4.2.10 Double-SkeletonElectrodes 106
4.2.10.1 PreparationandElectrodeMaterials 106
4.2.10.2 DryPreparationofPTFE-BondedGasDiffusionElectrodes 108
4.2.11 ReductionofNiO 111
4.2.12 ProductionofCathodeGasDiffusionElectrodes 113
4.3 ElectrolytesandSeparators 113
4.4 Degradation 114
4.4.1 GasDiffusionElectrodeswithRaneyNickelCatalysts 114
4.4.2 GasDiffusionElectrodeswithSilverCatalysts 121
4.5 CarbonDioxideBehavior 123
4.6 Conclusion 126
References 126
5 MicroFuelCells 131
UlfGroosandDietmarGerteisen
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 PhysicalPrinciplesofPolymerElectrolyteMembraneFuelCells
(PEMFCs) 132
5.3 TypesofMicroFuelCells 134
5.3.1 Hydrogen-FedMicroFuelCell 134
5.3.2 Micro-ReformedHydrogenFuelCell 135
5.3.3 DirectMethanolFuelCell(DMFC) 135
5.3.4 DirectEthanolFuelCell(DEFC) 136
VIII Contents
5.4 MaterialsandManufacturing 137
5.4.1 Miniaturization 137
5.5 GDLOptimization 138
5.5.1 Flow-FieldDesign 139
5.5.2 MiniaturizedDMFC 141
5.5.3 DischargeofCarbonDioxide 142
5.5.4 PassivelyOperatingDMFC 142
5.6 Conclusion 142
References 143
6 PrinciplesandTechnologyofMicrobialFuelCells 147
JanB.A.Arends,JoachimDesloover,Sebastia` Puig,andWillyVerstraete
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 MaterialsandMethods 149
6.2.1 ElectrodeMaterials 149
6.2.2 Membrane 151
6.2.3 ConfigurationsandDesign 151
6.2.4 Measurements,Techniques,andReportingValues 152
6.2.4.1 BiologicalMeasurements 152
6.2.4.2 ElectrochemicalMeasurements 152
6.2.4.3 ReportingPerformance 156
6.3 MicrobialCatalysts 157
6.3.1 AnodeReactions 157
6.3.1.1 ElectronDonors 158
6.3.1.2 Biocatalysis 158
6.3.1.3 Electron-TransferMechanisms 159
6.3.2 CathodeReactions 160
6.3.2.1 Biocatalysts 161
6.3.2.2 Electron-TransferMechanisms 161
6.3.2.3 ElectronAcceptors 162
6.3.3 PureCulturesandMixedMicrobialCommunities 162
6.3.4 PhotosyntheticBiocatalysts 163
6.3.5 BiologicalLimitations 163
6.4 ApplicationsandProofofConcepts 164
6.4.1 EnergyandWastewaterConcept 164
6.4.1.1 WastewaterTreatment 164
6.4.1.2 Sediments,Plants,andPhotosynthesisinaBES 168
6.4.1.3 Electro-AssistedAnaerobicDigestion 168
6.4.2 ProductConcept 169
6.4.2.1 Desalination 169
6.4.2.2 CausticSodaandHydrogenPeroxideProduction 170
6.4.2.3 OrganicAlcoholsandAcids 170
6.4.3 ProvidingEnvironmentalServices 171
6.4.3.1 RecalcitrantCompounds 171
6.4.3.2 GreenhouseGasMitigation 171
Contents IX
6.4.3.3 HeavyMetalRecovery/Removal 172
6.4.3.4 BiosensorsandEnvironmentalMonitoring 172
6.5 Modeling 173
6.6 OutlookandConclusions 173
Acknowledgments 173
References 174
7 Micro-ReactorsforFuelProcessing 185
GuntherKolb
7.1 Introduction 185
7.2 HeatandMassTransferinMicro-Reactors 185
7.3 SpecificFeaturesRequiredfromCatalystFormulationsfor
MicrochannelPlateHeat-ExchangerReactors 188
7.4 HeatManagementofMicrochannelPlateHeat-Exchanger
Reactors 190
7.4.1 Reforming 191
7.4.2 WaterGasShiftReaction 195
7.4.3 PreferentialOxidationofCarbonMonoxide 197
7.4.4 SelectiveMethanationofCarbonMonoxide 200
7.5 ExamplesofCompleteMicrochannelFuelProcessors 201
7.6 FabricationofMicrochannelPlateHeat-ExchangerReactors 206
7.6.1 ChoiceofConstructionMaterial 206
7.6.2 MicromachiningTechniques 207
7.6.3 SealingTechniques 209
7.6.4 Reactor–HeatExchangerAssembly 210
7.6.5 CatalystCoatingTechniques 210
References 212
8 RegenerativeFuelCells 219
MartinMu¨ller
8.1 Introduction 219
8.2 Principles 220
8.3 History 222
8.4 Thermodynamics 223
8.5 Electrodes 226
8.5.1 ElectrodesforAlkalineElectrolytes 226
8.5.1.1 AlkalineFuelCells(AFCs) 227
8.5.1.2 AlkalineElectrolysis 227
8.5.1.3 AlkalineURFCs 228
8.5.2 PolymerElectrolyteMembrane(PEM) 229
8.5.2.1 PEMElectrolyzers 230
8.5.2.2 PEMFCs 231
8.5.2.3 PEMURFC 231
8.6 SolidOxideElectrolyte(SOE) 233
8.7 SystemDesignandComponents 234
X Contents
8.8 ApplicationsandSystems 236
8.8.1 StationarySystemsforSeasonalEnergyStorage 237
8.8.2 RFCSystemsforAviationApplications 239
8.9 ConclusionandProspects 240
References 241
PartII MaterialsandProductionProcesses 247
9 AdvancesinSolidOxideFuelCellDevelopmentBetween1995
and2010atForschungszentrumJu¨lichGmbH,Germany 249
VincentHaanappel
9.1 Introduction 249
9.2 AdvancesinResearch,Development,andTestingofSingleCells 250
9.2.1 SOFCswithanLSMCathode 250
9.2.1.1 1995–1998 250
9.2.1.2 1998–2002 252
9.2.1.3 2002–2005 254
9.2.1.4 2005–2010 259
9.2.2 SOFCswithanLSC(F)Cathode 259
9.2.2.1 2000–2006 259
9.2.2.2 2006–2010 266
9.2.3 AdvancesinTestingofSOFCs 268
9.2.3.1 TestingHousing 269
9.2.3.2 SOFCSpecifications 270
9.2.3.3 SOFCTestingProcedure 270
9.3 Conclusions 272
Acknowledgments 272
References 272
10 SolidOxideFuelCellElectrodeFabricationbyInfiltration 275
EvrenGunen
10.1 Introduction 275
10.2 SOFCandElectrochemicalFundamentals 275
10.3 CurrentStatusofElectrodes;FabricationMethodsofElectrodes 276
10.3.1 MethodsforCoatingElectrodeMaterials 276
10.4 ElectrodeMaterials 278
10.4.1 AnodeMaterials 280
10.4.2 CathodeMaterials 281
10.5 Infiltration 281
10.5.1 MotivationforInfiltration 281
10.5.2 InfiltrationApplications 282
10.5.2.1 AnodesProducedbyInfiltration 284
10.5.2.2 CathodesProducedbyInfiltration 290
10.6 Conclusion 295
References 297