Frost resistance of concrete from nano-structure and pore solution to macroscopic behaviour and testing : Essen, Germany, 18-19 April 2002

400 Pages·2002·6.86 MB·English

by  Keck

Frost Resistance of Concrete

Frost Resistance of Concrete
Proceedings of the International RILEM Workshop on
Resistance of Concrete to Freezing and Thawing
With or Without De-icing Chemicals
University of Essen, September 22–23, 1997
EDITED BY
Max Josef Setzer
IBPM Institute of Building Physics
and Materials Science
University of Essen
Essen (Ruhr)
Germany
Rainer Auberg
IBPM Institute of Building Physics
and Materials Science
University of Essen
Essen (Ruhr)
Germany

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First edition 1997
© 1997 RILEM
ISBN 0-203-62732-6 Master e-book ISBN
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ISBN 0 419 22900 0 (Print Edition)
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Publisher’s Note This book has been prepared from camera-ready copy provided
by the individual contributors in order to make the book available for the workshop.
CONTENTS

Preface viii

Part I Material Parameters and Concrete Design

The influence of material parameters on freeze-thaw resistance with 3
and without deicing salt
D.J.Janssen
Effects of fly ash on microstructure and deicer salt scaling resistance of 12
concrete
J.Marchand , Y.Maltais , Y.Machabée , C.Talbot and M.Pigeon
Laboratory and field studies of salt scaling in fly ash concrete 24

M.D.A.Thomas
Influence of the type of cement on the freeze-thaw resistance of the 34
mortar phase of concrete
C.Girodet , M.Chabannet , J.L.Bosc and J.Pera
Frost resisting and waterproof fine-grained slag ash concrete for roofs 45
of residential structures
S.I.Pavlenko , A.A.Permyakov and V.K.Aphanasiev
Water resistant low water consumption plaster binder 53

K.K.Abdrakhmanova
Influence of sand on the freeze-thaw resistance of the mortar phase of 58
concrete
C.Girodet , J.L.Bosc , M.Chabannet and J.Pera
Investigations on freeze-thaw resistance of recycling concrete 67

H.K.Hilsdorf , R.Kottas and H.S.Müller
Freeze-thaw resistance of concrete with recycled aggregates 80

R.Dillmann

Part II Chemical Parameters

Frost resistance with and without deicing salt—a purely physical 90
problem?
J.Stark
Influence of C A content on frost and scaling resistance 107
3
J.Stark , A.Eckart and H.-M.Ludwig
Influence of cement type on resistance against freezing and thawing, 119
with or without deicing chemicals, of cement mortar
U.Balters and U.Ludwig
Freeze-deicing salt resistance of concretes containing cement rich in 132
slag
J.Stark and H.-M.Ludwig
Frost and frost-deicing salt resistance of supersulphated cement 148
concrete
U.Knaack and J.Stark
Sorption of chlorides on hydrated cements and C S pastes 155
3
O.Wowra and M.J.Setzer

Part III Physical Parameters and Testing

Basis of testing the freeze-thaw resistance: surface and internal 166
deterioration
M.J.Setzer
Effect of finishing, forming and curing on de-icer salt scaling 184
resistance of concretes
R.D.Hooton and A.Boyd
Influence of preconditioning on scaling resistance for different types of 196
test surfaces
P.Utgenannt and P.-E.Petersson
An experimental study on frost resistance of concrete considering 207
drying effects
Y.Hama , E.Kamada and C.G.Han
A mechanism of frost damage of concrete under supercooling 215

O.Katsura and E.Kamada
Length changes of concrete specimen during frost deicing salt 229
resistance test
J.Kaufmann and W.Studer
Moisture absorption from salt solutions in cement mortar discs during 240
freezing
S.Lindmark
Influence of water uptake during freezing and thawing 251

R.Auberg and M.J.Setzer
Scaling and internal cracking in wet freeze/thaw testing 268

S.Jacobsen
The infrared thermal image characteristic and injured degree evaluation 279
of freeze-thaw injured concrete
X.Zhang and J.H.Han
Testing of freeze-thaw resistance portland cement compositions by low 285
temperature dilatometry
M.A.Sanitsky , V.M.Melnyk , M.Z.Loza and I.V.Shichnenko
The reasons of damping maximums of hardened cement paste (hcp) at 293
extremely low temperature
X.Xu and M.J.Setzer
Subzero temperature investigation of autoclaved concrete with gypsum 305
added
J.Adolphs , M.J.Setzer and S.Shibata
Damping measurements for nondestructive evaluation of concrete 312
beams
E.A.Vokes , S.L.Clarke and D.J.Janssen
Standard methods for freeze-thaw tests: a European research 324
programme
E.Siebel and H.Gräf
Frost failure and rapid test method of concrete frost resistance 325

A.I.Panchenko
Concrete frost resistance test methods 332

N.K.Rozentahl
Temperature shock test for the determination of the freeze-thaw 339
resistance of concrete
M.Maultzsch and K.Günther
Internal frost attack—state of the art 347

G.Fagerlund

Appendix: RILEM recommendation 368
Author Index 383
Keyword Index 386
PREFACE
In 1990 RILEM TC 117 FDC “Freeze Thaw and Deicing Salt Resistance” had its
inaugural session here in Essen. Since then we have had meetings in Great
Britain/Brighton, Sweden/Lund, France/Lyon, Switzerland/Dübendorf, Canada/Québéc,
Norway/Trondheim, Japan/Sapporo and Finland/Espoo.
The committee consists of: Chairman: Max J.Setzer, Germany; Secretary: Rainer
Auberg, Germany; Members: Dirch Bager, Denmark; Gjöran Fagerlund, Sweden;
Volker Hartmann, Germany; Stefan Jacobsen, Norway; Don Janssen, USA; Heikki
Kukko, Finland; Jaques Marchand, Canada; Takashi Miura, Japan; Per-Eric Petersson,
Sweden; Michel Pigeon, Canada; Terje F.Rônning, Norway; Eric Sellevold, Norway;
Eberhard Siebel, Germany; Jochen Stark, Germany; Werner Studer, Switzerland;
Corresponding Members: Christian Clergue, France; J.R. Clifton, USA; Corinne
Dubois, France; Geoffrey Frohnsdorf, USA; Y.Guerpillon, France; J.Prost, France;
A.Reymond, France; Kenneth A.Snyder, USA; Rupert Springenschmid, Germany.
During the tenure of this committee remarkable research efforts have been given and
round robin testing has been done by the committee members covering all aspects of
basic research in frost action, application and test procedures. It has been a great honour
for me to chair this committee. I want to thank all the members for their constructive co-
operation, excellent discussions and personal support. The work has been a fruitful
exchange of ideas, experience and experimental results.
The workshop here in Essen should be a culminating effort which has its basis in the
work of this RILEM TC 117 FDC. The resonance of consensus researchers indicates that
the topic of this work is still of high interest both for people in practice confronted with
durability problems and for researchers in the basic and applied field. The proceedings of
this workshop should be a basis and starting point for the future research work in freeze
thaw and deicing salt resistance. There are still unsolved problems in the basic
understanding of the dynamic process of freezing and thawing and deicing salt attack, in
the chemical and physical processes involved and in measuring the internal damage due
to these attacks. Therefore, RILEM General Council decided to start a new technical
committee: RILEM TC IDC “Internal Damage of Concrete due to Frost Action”.
I am honored to be the host of this international workshop. I thank all the authors for
their contributions. Many thanks to the sponsors of the workshop: the Deutsche
Forschungsgemeinschaft, the Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes
Nordrhein-Westfalen, the Readymix AG, the E.Schwenk Zementwerke KG, the
Bundesverband Deutsche Beton- und Fertigteilindustrie e.V., the Katzenberger GmbH &
Co. KG, the Dyckerhoff Zement-GmbH and the University GH Essen. And I thank my
secretaries of RILEM TC 117 FDC, Dr. Hartmann (until 1992) and Mr. Auberg (since
1992) for their work and for their dedication.
I hope that both the workshop and this book are a source of insight for the participants
and the readers of these proceedings.
Max J.Setzer, June 9, 1997