Table Of ContentFrontiers of Textile Materials
Scrivener Publishing
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Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Frontiers of Textile Materials
Polymers, Nanomaterials, Enzymes,
and Advanced Modification Techniques
Edited by
Mohd Shabbir, Shakeel Ahmed
and Javed N. Sheikh
This edition first published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-62037-2
Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xv
1 Introduction to Textiles and Finishing Materials 1
Mohd Shabbir and Javed N. Sheikh
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Polymers 2
1.3 Nanomaterials 3
1.4 Enzymes 4
1.5 Plasma and Radiations for Textiles 6
1.6 Flexible Electronics 7
References 8
2 Polymers for Textile Production 13
Mohammad Tajul Islam, Md. Mostafizur Rahman
and Nur-Us-Shafa Mazumder
2.1 Polymers 13
2.2 History of Polymer 15
2.3 Classification of Polymers 16
2.4 Polymerization 19
2.4.1 Chain Polymerization 19
2.4.2 Step Polymerization 21
2.5 Polymers in Textile Fibers 23
2.5.1 Natural Polymers 24
2.5.1.1 Cellulose 24
2.5.1.2 Cotton 25
2.5.1.3 Jute 26
2.5.1.4 Keratin 26
2.5.1.5 Wool 27
2.5.1.6 Fibroin 28
2.5.1.7 Silk 28
2.5.2 Synthetic Polymers 29
2.5.2.1 Polyethylene 29
v
vi Contents
2.5.2.2 Polypropylene 33
2.5.2.3 Polytetrafluoroethylene 36
2.5.2.4 Poly Vinyl Chloride 38
2.5.2.5 Poly Vinylidene Chloride 40
2.5.2.6 Polyamide 41
2.5.2.7 Polyethylene Terephthalate 47
2.5.2.8 Polyacrylonitrile 50
2.5.2.9 Modacrylic Fiber 52
2.5.2.10 Spandex Fiber 52
2.6 Polymers in Textile Processing 54
2.6.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol 54
2.6.2 Starch 56
2.6.3 Sodium Alginate 56
2.7 Conclusion 57
References 57
3 Advances in Polymer Coating for Functional Finishing
of Textiles 61
Asma Bouasria, Ayoub Nadi, Aicha Boukhriss,
Hassan Hannache, Omar Cherkaoui and Said Gmouh
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 Polymer Coating Methods 63
3.2.1 Dip Coating 63
3.2.2 Transfer Coating 64
3.2.3 Kiss Roll Coating 64
3.2.4 Gravure Roll Coating 64
3.2.5 Slot Die or Extrusion Coating 65
3.2.6 Powder Coating 65
3.2.7 Knife Coating 66
3.2.7.1 Choice of the Thickness 67
3.2.7.2 The Viscosity 67
3.2.7.3 Drying 67
3.2.7.4 Type of Knife 68
3.2.7.5 Knife Use Technologies 69
3.2.7.6 Type of Knife Coating 70
3.3 New Technologies in Polymer Coatings 71
3.3.1 Plasma Treatment Technology 71
3.3.2 Electrofluidodynamic Treatment Technology 72
3.3.3 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide-Based
Method Technology 73
3.4 Coating Materials 73
3.4.1 Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 74
Contents vii
3.4.2 Polyacrylics (PA) 74
3.4.3 Polyurethane (PU) 75
3.5 New Functionalities of Polymer Coatings 77
3.5.1 Application in Smart Textile 77
3.5.2 Flame Retardant 77
3.5.3 Water Repellence 79
3.5.4 Antibacterial Function 81
3.6 Conclusions and Future Outlook 82
References 82
4 Functional Finishing of Textiles with β-Cyclodextrin 87
Aminoddin Haji
4.1 Introduction 87
4.2 Properties of Cyclodextrins 89
4.3 Chemical Modification of Cyclodextrins 91
4.4 Methods for Attachment of β-CD on Textiles 91
4.5 Functional Properties Obtained by Attachment
of β-CD on Textiles 100
4.5.1 Antimicrobial Activity and Drug Delivery 100
4.5.2 Fragrance Release and Anti-Odor Finishing 101
4.5.3 Improved Dyeing and Printing 105
4.5.4 Wastewater Treatment 105
4.5.5 Flame Retardant Finishing 105
4.6 Conclusion 109
References 109
5 Synthesis of Nanomaterials and Their Applications
in Textile Industry 117
Rizwan Arif , Sapana Jadoun and Anurakshee Verma
5.1 Introduction 118
5.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 119
5.2.1 Preparation of Chitosan Nano-Fibers 119
5.2.2 Preparation of Polyethylene Glycol Capped Silver
Nanoparticles (AgNPs) 120
5.2.3 Preparation of Silk Textile Nano-Composite
Materials of TiO Nanoparticles 122
2
5.3 Synthesis of Nano-Fiber-Based Hydrogels (NFHGs) 122
5.3.1 Electrospinning 123
5.3.2 Weaving 123
5.3.3 Freeze Drying 124
5.3.4 3D Printing 124
5.4 Application of Nano Textiles 124
viii Contents
5.5 Conclusion 130
References 131
6 Modification of Textiles via Nanomaterials
and Their Applications 135
Sapana Jadoun, Anurakshee Verma and Rizwan Arif
6.1 Introduction 136
6.2 Nanotextiles and Its Properties 137
6.3 Modification of Textiles via Nanoparticles 138
6.3.1 Modification via Silver Nanoparticle 139
6.3.2 Modification via Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle 143
6.3.3 Modification via Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle 144
6.3.4 Modification via Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
Nanoparticles 144
6.3.5 Modification via Polymer Nanoparticles 146
6.4 Applications 146
6.5 Conclusion 147
References 148
7 UV Protection via Nanomaterials 153
Kunal Singha, Subhankar Maity and Pintu Pandit
7.1 Introduction 154
7.1.1 Different Types of Nano-Finishing
on Textile Materials 154
7.1.1.1 UV Protection 154
7.1.1.2 Nano-Silver (Ag) (Antimicrobial Activity) 155
7.1.1.3 Water Repellence Finishing 155
7.1.1.4 Self-Cleaning or “Lotus Effect” 155
7.1.1.5 New-Age Nano-Finishing on
Textile Materials Nano-Care 156
7.2 Zinc Oxide Particle (ZnO) Physical Properties 156
7.2.1 Chemical Properties 156
7.2.2 Nanophase ZnO 157
7.2.3 TiO Structure and Properties 157
2
7.2.3.1 TiO Nanoparticle 157
2
7.3 UV Protective Applications 157
7.3.1 Nanocoating of ZnO–TiO on Textile Fabric 158
2
7.3.2 Polymer Dispersion Methods of Nanocoating 158
7.4 Applications as UV Absorber and Sunscreen 159
7.4.1 Nanomaterials Used in UV Protective Finishing 159
7.5 Nano-ZnO-TiO Finishing 161
2
7.5.1 Mechanism of UV Protection 162
Contents ix
7.5.2 UV Protection Through Nano-Finishing of Textiles 162
7.6 Evaluation of UV Protection Finishes 163
7.7 Conclusions 164
References 165
8 Synthesis, Characterization, and Application
of Modified Textile Nanomaterials 167
Anurakshee Verma, Rizwan Arif and Sapana Jadoun
8.1 Introduction of Textile Nanomaterials 167
8.2 Synthesis of Textiles Nanomaterials 168
8.2.1 Synthesis via Hydrothermal Method 169
8.2.2 Synthesis via Solvo-Thermal Method 169
8.2.3 Synthesis via Chemical Vapor Deposition
(CVD) Method 169
8.2.4 Synthesis via Physical Vapor Deposition
(PVD) Method 170
8.2.5 Synthesis via Template Method 170
8.2.6 Synthesis via Conventional Sol–Gel Method 170
8.2.7 Synthesis via Microwave Method 170
8.2.8 Synthesis via Fabrication Process 170
8.3 Characterization 171
8.3.1 Microscopic Characterization of Textile
Nanomaterials 172
8.3.1.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 172
8.3.1.2 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) 172
8.3.1.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 173
8.3.1.4 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) 174
8.3.2 Spectroscopic Characterization of Textile
Nanomaterials 175
8.3.2.1 Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-VIS) Spectroscopy 175
8.3.2.2 Raman Spectroscopy 175
8.3.2.3 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) 175
8.3.3 Characterization of Textile Nanomaterials
by X-Ray 176
8.3.3.1 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX) 176
8.3.3.2 Wide Angle X-Ray Diffraction 176
8.3.3.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 176
8.3.3.4 Particle Size Analyzer 177
8.3.4 Characterization of Textile Nanomaterial
by Some Other Technique 178
8.3.4.1 Physical Testing 178
