Table Of ContentFrom Waste to Value
From Waste to Value investigates how streams of organic waste and residues can be trans-
formed into valuable products, to foster a transition towards a sustainable and circular bio-
economy. The studies are carried out within a cross-d isciplinary framework, drawing on a
diverse set of theoretical approaches and defining different valorisation pathways.
Organic waste streams from households and industry are becoming a valuable resource
in today’s economies. Substances that have long represented a cost to companies and a
burden for society are now becoming an asset. Waste products, such as leftover food, forest
residues and animal carcasses, can be turned into valuable products such as biomaterials,
biochemicals and biopharmaceuticals. Exploiting these waste resources is challenging,
however. It requires that companies develop new technologies and that public authorities
introduce new regulation and governance models.
This book helps policy- makers govern and regulate bio- based industries, and helps
industry actors to identify and exploit new opportunities in the circular bioeconomy.
Moreover, it provides important insights for all students and scholars concerned with
renewable energy, sustainable development and climate change.
Antje Klitkou has a PhD from Humboldt University, Berlin (1993). She has worked at
the Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education (NIFU), Oslo,
Norway, since 2002, as Senior Researcher until 2014 and as Research Professor since
2014. She has research interests in research and innovation policy and the transition to a
sustainable bioeconomy, energy and transport. She has been Project Coordinator for
several international research projects, such as “SusValueWaste: Sustainable path creation
for innovative value chains for organic waste products” (2015–19) on the transition to the
bioeconomy, funded by the Research Council of Norway; “Technology opportunities in
Nordic energy system transitions – TOP-N EST” (2011–15), funded by Nordic Energy
Research; and “InnoDemo: Role of demonstration projects in innovation: Transition to
sustainable energy and transport” (2013–15), funded by the Research Council of Norway.
She has published several journal articles on bioeconomy topics.
Arne Martin Fevolden is a Senior Researcher at NIFU. He holds a Master’s degree
(cand. polit) in Economic Sociology and a PhD (Dr. polit.) in Innovation Studies from the
University of Oslo. Much of his earlier research was concerned with the development of
the ICT (information and communications industry) and defence industries. His more
recent research has looked at the controversies surrounding biofuels and at potential valori-
sation pathways for urban waste streams.
Marco Capasso is a Senior Researcher at NIFU. He has worked in the scientific fields of
econometrics, economic geography and economics of innovation, and his research has
been published in a wide variety of scientific journals, including Industrial and Corporate
Change, International Statistical Review, Regional Studies and Small Business Economics. He is
currently participating in the projects “Sustainable path creation for innovative value
chains for organic waste products”, funded by the Research Council of Norway, and
“Where does the green economy grow? The geography of Nordic sustainability trans-
itions”, funded by the Nordic Green Growth Research and Innovation Programme.
Routledge Studies in Waste Management and Policy
From Waste to Value
Valorisation Pathways for Organic Waste Streams in Circular Bioeconomies
Edited by Antje Klitkou, Arne Martin Fevolden and Marco Capasso
Waste Prevention Policy and Behaviour
New Approaches to Reducing Waste Generation and Its Environmental
Impacts
Ana Paula Bortoleto
Decision- making and Radioactive Waste Disposal
Andrew Newman and Gerry Nagtzaam
Nuclear Waste Politics
An Incrementalist Perspective
Matthew Cotton
The Politics of Radioactive Waste Management
Public Involvement and Policy- Making in the European Union
Gianluca Ferraro
For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/
Routledge- Studies-in- Waste-Management- and-Policy/book- series/RSWMP.
From Waste to Value
Valorisation Pathways for Organic Waste
Streams in Circular Bioeconomies
Edited by Antje Klitkou,
Arne Martin Fevolden and
Marco Capasso
First published 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2019 selection and editorial matter, Antje Klitkou, Arne Martin
Fevolden and Marco Capasso; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Antje Klitkou, Arne Martin Fevolden and Marco Capasso
to be identified as the authors of the editorial matter, and of the
authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance
with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
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other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
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Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
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British Library Cataloguing- in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data
Names: Klitkou, Antje, editor. | Fevolden, Arne, editor. | Capasso,
Marco, editor.
Title: From waste to value : valorisation pathways for organic waste
streams in bioeconomies / edited by Antje Klitkou, Arne Martin
Fevolden, and Marco Capasso.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon : New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. |
Series: Routledge studies in waste management and policy | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018057710| ISBN 9781138624979 (hbk) |
ISBN 9780429460289 (ebk)
Subjects: LCSH: Organic wastes–Recycling.
Classification: LCC TD804 .F76 2019 | DDC 628.1/68–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018057710
ISBN: 978-1-138-62497-9 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-46028-9 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear
Contents
List of figures viii
List of tables x
Notes on contributors xii
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Introduction 1
ANTjE KLITKOU, ARNE MARTIN FEVOLDEN AND
MARCO CAPASSO
PART I
Perspectives on the bioeconomy 17
2 What is the bioeconomy? 19
MARKUS M. BUGGE, TEIS HANSEN AND
ANTjE KLITKOU
3 Theoretical perspectives on innovation for waste
valorisation in the bioeconomy 51
MARKUS M. BUGGE, SIMON BOLWIG, TEIS HANSEN
AND ANNE NYGAARD TANNER
PART II
Sector studies 71
4 New path development for forest-b ased value creation
in Norway 73
ANTjE KLITKOU, MARCO CAPASSO, TEIS HANSEN
AND jULIA SzULECKA
vi Contents
5 Mission- oriented innovation in urban governance:
setting and solving problems in waste valorisation 91
MARKUS M. BUGGE AND ARNE MARTIN FEVOLDEN
6 Beyond animal feed? The valorisation of brewers’
spent grain 107
SIMON BOLWIG, MICHAEL SPjELKAVIK MARK,
MAAIKE KARLIjN HAPPEL AND ANDREAS BREKKE
7 Meat processing and animal by- products: industrial
dynamics and institutional settings 127
ANNE NYGAARD TANNER AND
NHAT STRøM-ANDERSEN
8 New pathways for organic waste in land- based
farming of salmon: the case of Norway and Denmark 145
HILDE NESS SANDVOLD, jAY STERLING GREGG AND
DOROTHY SUTHERLAND OLSEN
9 Valorisation of whey: a tale of two Nordic dairies 162
SIMON BOLWIG, ANDREAS BREKKE,
LOUISE STRANGE AND NHAT STRøM-ANDERSEN
PART III
Cross- sectoral perspectives 187
10 What knowledge does the bioeconomy build upon? 189
LINN MEIDELL DYBDAHL AND ERIC jAMES IVERSEN
11 Actors and innovators in the circular bioeconomy:
an integrated empirical approach to studying organic
waste stream innovators 211
ERIC jAMES IVERSEN, MARCO CAPASSO AND
KRISTOFFER RøRSTAD
Contents vii
PART IV
Policy implications 231
12 Directionality and diversity: contending policy
rationales in the transition towards the bioeconomy 233
LISA SCORDATO, MARKUS M. BUGGE, AND
ARNE MARTIN FEVOLDEN
13 Multi- level governance of food waste: comparing
Norway, Denmark and Sweden 253
jULIA SzULECKA, NHAT STRøM-ANDERSEN,
LISA SCORDATO AND EILI SKRIVERVIK
14 Life cycle assessment: a governance tool for transition
towards a circular bioeconomy? 272
ANDREAS BREKKE, KARI- ANNE LYNG,
jOHANNA OLOFSSON AND jULIA SzULECKA
15 Conclusions 293
ANTjE KLITKOU, ARNE MARTIN FEVOLDEN AND
MARCO CAPASSO
Index 302
Figures
1.1 Value circles and valorisation of waste and residues 8
2.1 Number of papers per year (n = 453 papers) 22
2.2 Share of Web of Science categories, based on weighted
counts (n = 453) 26
3.1 The waste pyramid. Innovation in waste systems implies
turning the pyramid on its head so that less or no waste is
disposed of (hence it is no longer waste), illustrated by a
smaller area in the right- hand pyramid, and more waste (or
resources) is prevented or reused, illustrated by a larger area
in the right- hand pyramid 54
3.2 (a) (top): The cascade- in-time chain (adapted from Sirkin
& Houten, 1994); (b) (bottom): The cascade- in-value
concept (adapted from Olsson et al., 2016) 55
4.1 Location of the three cases: Skogn in Trøndelag, Treklyngen
in Buskerud and Borregaard in south- eastern Norway 80
5.1 The waste pyramid 95
5.2 The parallel systems of waste management in Oslo (adapted
from Bugge, Fevolden & Klitkou, 2018) 98
6.1 Technical processes and products based on spent grain 114
6.2 Overview of current management of spent grain 116
7.1 The meat processing and ABP value chain. Upper boxes
are nodes (firms) in the value chain; lower boxes illustrate
the flow of ABPs 130
7.2 Rich and multiple opportunities to upgrade current use of
meat by- products (adapted from Toldrá et al., 2016) 131
7.3 Value creation dynamics in the meat processing and ABP
industry 137
8.1 The organic waste streams along the production chain for
salmon farming (by- products) 148
9.1 Simplified flowchart depicting the processing, application
and end uses of sweet and acid whey 165
10.1 Types of organisations by region: gross breakdown
(n = 498): projects active in the period 2010–2016 198
Figures ix
10.2 Norwegian participants by NACE activity (n = 362),
2007–2016 199
11.1 TIK questionnaire: 85 respondents by size class, subsector
and type of activity 225
11.2 TIK questionnaire: 85 respondents by importance of
organic waste in terms of share of business activities (x-a xis)
and turnover (y- axis) 227
12.1 Industrial sectors represented by private firms and industry
associations in the public inquiry 244
12.2 Relative share of bioeconomy visions in the public inquiry 244
13.1 The food waste hierarchy 258
13.2 Combined value chain data on food waste in kg per
inhabitant, including inedible parts, excluding primary
production and waste that is used for animal feed (adapted
from Stensgård & Hanssen, 2018) 259
