Table Of ContentThe Making of the 20th Century
This series of specially commissioned titles focuses atten
tion on significant and often controversial events and
themes of world history in the present century. Each book
provides sufficient narrative and explanation for the
newcomer to the subject while offering, for more advanced
study, detailed source-references and bibliographies,
together with interpretation and reassessment in the light
of recent scholarship.
In the choice of subjects there is a balance between
breadth in some spheres and detail in others; between the
essentially political and matters economic or social. The
series cannot be a comprehensive account of everything
that has happened in the twentieth century, but it pro
vides a guide to recent research and explains something
of the times of extraordinary change and complexity in
which we live. It is directed in the main to students of
contemporary history and international relations, but in
cludes titles which are of direct relevance to courses in
economics, sociology, politics and geography.
The Making of the 20th Century
Series Editor. GEOFFREY WARNER
David Armstrong, Lorna Uoyd andJohn Redmond, From Versailles to
Maastricht: International Organisation in the Twentieth Century
S. R. Ashton, In Search qf Detente:
The Politics qf East-West Relations Since 1945
V. R. Berghahn, Germany and the Approach qf War in 1914 (second edition)
Raymond F. Betts, France and Decolonisation 1900-1960
John Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation:
Ike Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World
John F. V. Keiger, France and the Origins qf the First World War
Dominic Lieven, Russia and the Origins qf the First World War
Sally Marks, Ike Illusion qf Peace: International Relations in Europe 1918-1933
Philip Morgan, Italian Fascism 1919-1945
A. J. Nicholls, Weimar and the Rise qf Hitler (third edition)
R. A. C. Parker, Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy
and the Coming qf the Second World War
Geoffrey Roberts, The Soviet Union and the Origins qf the Second World War
Alan Sharp, Ike Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking in Paris, 1919
Zara Steiner, Britain and the Origins qf the First World War
Samuel R. Williamson, Austria-Hungary and the Origins qf the First World War
FORTHCOMING TITLES
Saki Dockrill, Japan and the Origins qf the Second World War
J. E. Spence, South Africa in International Society
Glyn Stone, Great Powers and the Iberian Peninsular 1931-1941
Jonathan Wright, Germany and the Origins qf the Second World War
R. Young, France and the Origins qf the Second World War
From Versailles to
Maastricht
International Organisation in
the Twentieth Century
David Armstrong, Loma Lloyd and John Redmond
© David Armstrong, Lorna Lloyd and John Redmond 1996
Chapters 1 and 2 were first published in David Armstrong's
The Rise of the International Organisation: A Short History, published
by Macmillan in 1982.
AIl rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission
of this publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied
or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance
with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited
copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to
this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and
civil claims for damages.
First published 1996 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
ISBN 978-0-333-62035-9 ISBN 978-1-349-24813-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-24813-1
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96
Contents
¥a
w
Abbreviations IX
Introduction 1
1 The Origins of the League of Nations 7
2 The League of Nations 33
3 The American-led, Cold War United Nations, 1945-1960 62
4 The Third World UN, 1960--1980 88
5 The UN in Crisis and its Rejuvenation, 1980--1994 113
6 The European Union, 1945-1969: the Creation of
the European Community and the Early Years 138
7 The European Union, 1970-1985: Turbulence,
Europessimism and Eurosclerosis 165
8 The European Union, 1985-1995: the Relance:
from the Single European Act to the Maastricht Treaty
and European Union 188
9 Regional Organisation Outside Europe 219
10 International Regimes 250
Appendix: Specialised Agencies of the UN 272
Other UN Agencies 273
Secretaries-General of the UN 273
Notes and References 275
Index 312
v
Preface
This book is a completely revised, expanded and updated version of
David Armstrong's The Rise of the International Organisation: A Short
History (Macmillan, 1982). That book was used as a basic framework
by the authors, but the three chapters on the United Nations con
tributed by Lorna Lloyd and the three chapters on the European
Union by John Redmond represent not just a threefold expansion
of the original two chapters (one on each organisation) in Arm
strong's book but a complete rewriting of those chapters. John Red
mond was also primarily responsible for the section in chapter 9 on
ASEAN, while David Armstrong contributed the remainder of the
book. The result, we hope, is a historical overview of the most im
portant international organisations of the twentieth century that
provides enough factual detail and analytical depth for it to be of
value not just to students of the subject but to the general reader
seeking to understand one of the most significant and interesting
developments of twentieth-century international relations.
The Rise of the International Organisation appeared at a time of
general loss of faith in international organisations, particularly the
United Nations and the European Community. The one seemed to
have become less and less relevant to the resolution of intern ational
issues which were certainly no less serious. The other appeared be
calmed in the all too familiar waters of conflicting national interests
and the jealous guardianship by states of their sovereignty. The con
trast with the situation thirteen years later is remarkable. The states
of the European Union (whose name change is itself a highly signi
ficant symbolic act), having already achieved a greater degree of
integration than most would have thought likely in 1992, are con
templating an extraordinary series of further moves towards
possible federalism over the next five years. The United Nations was
given a new lease of life by the end of the Cold War, and, although
still facing serious difficulties (not least of finance), certainly has a
more secure and substantial role in international affairs than
vii
Vlll PREFACE
seemed possible at the start of the 1980s. Part of the purpose of this
book is to explain how and why such dramatic changes were able to
occur.
The book is based in part upon courses taught by the three auth
ors at the Universities of Birmingham and Keele, and we should like
to take this opportunity to thank past and present students for their
many helpful comments. We also wish to thank our colleagues at
those universities and elsewhere for freely dispensing of their time
and expertise, although we naturally accept full responsibility for
any errors of fact and judgement. Thanks are also due to Geoffrey
Warner, General Editor of the Macmillan series on The Making of
the Twentieth Century, to Lord Beloff and most of all to Maggie
Armstrong, Alan James and Carol Redmond.
Abbreviations
ACP Mrican, Caribbean and Pacific
AEC Mrican Economic Community (1991-)
AlADI Latin American Integration Association, formerly
LAFTA (1990-)
ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations (1967-)
CACM Central American Common Market (1960- )
CAP Common Agricultural Policy
CARlCOM Caribbean Community formerly CARlITA
(1975- )
CARlITA Caribbean Free Trade Area (1968-75)
CFP Common Fisheries Policy
CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy
CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation
in Europe (1975-94)
DOMREP Mission of the Representative of the
Secretary-General in the Dominican Republic
(1965-6)
EAEC (Euratom) The European Atomic Energy Agency
EAI Enterprise for the Americas Initiative
ECCM Eastern Caribbean Common Market (1968-)
ECOWAS Economic Community of West Mrican States
(1975-)
ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social
Council (1945- )
ECSC European Coal and Steel Community (1951- )
ECU European Currency Unit
EDC European Defence Community (1952)
EEA European Economic Area
EEC European Economic Community (1957- )
EITA European Free Trade Association (1959-)
EMS European Monetary System
EMU European Monetary Union
IX
x ABBREVIATIONS
EPC European Political Cooperation
ERDF European Regional Development Fund
ERM Exchange Rate Mechanism
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation (1945-)
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947-)
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency (1957-)
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (World Bank) (1946/7-)
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation (1947-)
ICJ
International Court ofJ ustice (1945-)
IDA International Development Association (1960--)
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural
Development (1977- )
IGC Inter-Governmental Conference
ILO International Labour Organisation (1920-)
IMF International Monetary Fund (1944-)
IMO International Maritime Organisation (1958-)
IPDC International Programme for the Development
of Communication
ISA International Seabed Authority
ITO International Trade Organisation
ITU International Telecommunication Union (1865-)
LAFTA Latin American Free Trade Association (1960--90)
MINSURO UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara
(1991- )
NAFTA North American Free Trade Area (1992-)
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
NIEO New International Economic Order
NWICO New World Information and Communications
Order
OAS Organisation of American States (1948- )
OAU Organisation of Mrican Unity (1963-)
ODECA Organisation of Central American States (1951- )
OECD Organisation of Economic Cooperation and
Development
OEEC Organisation for European Economic Cooperation
ONUC operation des Nations Unies au Congo (UN
operation in the Congo) (1960-4)
ONUCA UN Observer Group in Central America (1989-92)
