From the Big Bang to the nucleosynthesis = Dal Big Bang alla nucleosintesi : proceedings of the international school of physics ''Enrico Fermi : course 178 : Varenna on Lake Como, Villa Monastero, 19 - 24 July 2010

469 Pages·2011·9.72 MB·English

by  Angela Bracco

SOCIETA` ITALIANA DI FISICA
RENDICONTI
DELLA
SCUOLA INTERNAZIONALE DI FISICA
“ENRICO FERMI”
CLXXVIII Corso
a cura di A. Bracco e E. Nappi
Direttori del Corso
VARENNA SUL LAGO DI COMO
VILLA MONASTERO
19 – 24 Luglio 2010
Dal Big Bang
alla nucleosintesi
2011
SOCIETA` ITALIANA DI FISICA
BOLOGNA-ITALY
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ITALIAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHYSICS
“ENRICO FERMI”
Course CLXXVIII
edited by A. Bracco and E. Nappi
Directors of the Course
VARENNA ON LAKE COMO
VILLA MONASTERO
19 – 24 July 2010
From the Big Bang
to the Nucleosynthesis
2011
AMSTERDAM, OXFORD, TOKIO, WASHINGTON DC
Copyright (cid:2)c 2011 by Societa` Italiana di Fisica
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
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ISSN 0074-784X (print)
ISSN 1879-8195 (online)
ISBN 978-1-60750-973-8 (print) (IOS Press)
ISBN 978-1-60750-974-5 (online) (IOS Press)
ISBN 978-88-7438-066-4 (SIF)
LCCN 2011941636
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INDICE
A. Bracco and E. Nappi – Preface ................................ pag.XVII
Gruppo fotografico dei partecipanti al Corso .......................... XX
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SUPERNOVAE AND NEUTRON STARS
K. Langanke – Stellar evolution: From hydrostaticburning to core collapse 3
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1. Introduction.................................................... 3
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2. Astrophysicalnuclear reaction rates ................................ 4
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3. Hydrostatic burning stages........................................ 7
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31. Hydrogen burning .......................................... 8
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32. Solar neutrinos............................................. 12
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33. Helium burning ............................................ 15
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34. Carbon,neon, oxygen, silicon burning ......................... 16
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4. Core collapse supernovae ......................................... 17
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41. Electron captures in core-collapsesupernovae —the general picture . 19
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42. Weak-interaction rates and presupernova evolution............... 24
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43. The role of electron capture during collapse..................... 25
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5. Making heavy elements in explosive nucleosynthesis ................... 27
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51. The νp process............................................. 27
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52. The r-process .............................................. 28
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53. Neutrino nucleosynthesis..................................... 29
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6. The Facility for Antiprotonand Ion Research (FAIR) ................. 29
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M. Baldo – The theory of Neutron Stars and the role of Nuclear Physics . 35
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1. Introduction.................................................... 36
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2. Overall structure of a Neutron Star................................. 37
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21. The outer crust ............................................ 39
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22. The inner crust ............................................ 42
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23. The outer core ............................................. 43
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24. The inner core ............................................. 44
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3. The free Fermi gas of nucleons..................................... 45
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31. The Equation of State....................................... 45
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32. The compressibility ......................................... 47
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33. Momentum distribution ..................................... 48
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VII
indice
VIII
.
34. The symmetry energy ....................................... pag. 48
.
35. The single particle density of states............................ 49
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36. The Pauli paramagnetism.................................... 49
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37. Other microscopic physicalquantities.......................... 50
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4. Introducingthe interaction........................................ 50
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41. Sketch of the nucleon-nucleoninteraction....................... 51
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42. Theoreticalmany-bodymethods .............................. 57
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42.1. The Brueckner-Bethe-Goldstoneexpansion ............... 57
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42.2. The variationalmethod ............................... 59
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42.3. The relativistic approach .............................. 60
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42.4. The V approach ................................... 64
low
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42.5. Trying a link to QCD: the chiral symmetry approach....... 66
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5. Neutron matter at very low density. An exercise in many-bodytheory ... 67
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51. A single G-matrix problem................................... 67
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52. The“exact”EoS............................................ 69
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6. Going to nuclear structure ........................................ 70
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61. The Thomas-Fermiapproximationand implementations .......... 71
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62. The density functionalmethod ............................... 72
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7. Nuclear Physics and Neutron Star structure ......................... 77
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71. The Neutron Star inner crust................................. 77
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72. The Neutron Star core and mass-radiusrelationship.............. 82
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8. Conclusionsand outlook.......................................... 89
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M. N. Harakeh – Spin-isospin modes: Implications for astrophysics ..... 95
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1. Introduction.................................................... 96
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2. The compression modes and incompressibilityof nuclear matter......... 98
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3. Spin-isospinexcitations........................................... 103
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4. GT strength in fp-shell nuclei ..................................... 105
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5. Determination of GT strength.................................... 106
6. Determination of GT+ strength and its astrophysicalimplications ....... (cid:0) 112
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7. Conclusionsand outlook.......................................... 123
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NUCLEARSTRUCTUREANDNUCLEARASTROPHYSICSWITHRADIOACTIVE
BEAMS
T. Aumann – Nuclear-astrophysicsexperimentswith relativisticradioactive
beams .......................................................... 127
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1. Introduction.................................................... 127
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2. Experiments with high-energyradioactive beams at GSI ............... 133
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21. Mass measurements......................................... 133
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22. The dipole response of exotic nuclei ........................... 135
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3. Future perspectives—NuSTARat FAIR............................. 139
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31. The FAIR facility .......................................... 139
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32. The radioactive beam facility................................. 141
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33. Experiments with slowed-down and stopped beams .............. 144
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indice
IX
.
33.1. The low-energy branch................................ pag. 144
.
33.2. High-resolutionin-flight spectroscopy(HISPEC)........... 144
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33.3. Decay spectroscopy(DESPEC)......................... 146
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33.4. The advanced trapping system MATS ................... 146
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33.5. The laser-spectroscopyexperiment LASPEC.............. 147
3.4. Reactions with Relativistic RadioactiveBeams (R3B) ............ (cid:0) 147
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35. Experiments with stored and cooled beams ..................... 149
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35.1. Isomeric beams, lifetimes, and masses (ILIMA)............ 149
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35.2. Reactionsat internaltargets in the NESR (EXL).......... 150
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35.3. Electron scattering with short-lived nuclei (ELISe)......... 152
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35.4. The Antiproton-Ion-ColliderAIC ....................... 154
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4. Conclusion ..................................................... 154
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T.Motobayashi–NuclearstructurestudiesatRIKEN:Newmeasurements
with in-flight fast radioactive beams ................................. 157
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1. Introduction.................................................... 157
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2. RIBF new facility ............................................... 158
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3. Frontiers in the nuclear chart...................................... 160
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31. Nuclear chart .............................................. 160
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32. Toward the r-process path ................................... 161
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33. Super-heavynuclei.......................................... 162
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4. Fate of magic numbers ........................................... 163
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41. Disappearanceof the N =20 magic number .................... 163
5. Neutron-protonasymmetry:“egg”structure in 16C.................... (cid:0) 166
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6. Challengesat RIBF.............................................. 167
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61. SHARAQ ................................................. 167
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62. SAMURAI ................................................ 168
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63. SCRIT ............................................ ....... 169
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64. SLOWRI........................................... ....... 170
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65. Rare RI-ring............................................... 170
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7. Conclusions .................................................... 171
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P. A. Butler – ISOL techniques to reach radioactive nuclei: From birth to
EURISOL ....................................................... 173
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1. Introduction.................................................... 173
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2. History of ISOL................................................. 174
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3. Targets and ion sources........................................... 174
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Surface ion source ............................................... 175
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Plasma ion source ............................................... 176
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Laser ion source................................................. 176
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4. Accelerated radioactivebeam facilities .............................. 177
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Louvain-la-Neuve................................................ 177
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Holifield RadioactiveIon Beam Facility ............................. 178
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SPIRAL ............................................. .......... 178
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REX-ISOLDE .................................................. 178
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ISAC............................................... ........... 180
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