From the Act of Judging to the Sentence: The Problem of Truth Bearers from Bolzano to Tarski

257 Pages·2005·2.43 MB·English

by  Artur Rojszczak, Jan Wolenski

FROM THE ACTOF JUDGING TO THE SENTENCE
SYNTHESE LIBRARY
STUDIES IN EPISTEMOLOGY,
LOGIC, METHODOLOGY, AND PHILOSOPHYOF SCIENCE
Editor-in-Chief:
VINCENTF. HENDRICKS, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
JOHN SYMONS, University of Texas at El Paso, U.S.A.
Honorary Editor:
JAAKKO HINTIKKA, Boston University, U.S.A.
Editors:
DIRK VAN DALEN,University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
THEO A.F. KUIPERS,University of Groningen, The Netherlands
TEDDYSEIDENFELD, Carnegie Mellon University, U.S.A.
PATRICK SUPPES, Stanford University, California, U.S.A.
JAN WOLEN´SKI,Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
VOLUME 328
FROM THE ACT
OF JUDGING TO
THE SENTENCE
The Problem of Truth Bearers from Bolzano to Tarski
bby
†
ARTUR ROJSZCZAK
Jagiellonian University, Kraków,
Poland
Edited by
JAN WOLE(cid:275)SKI
Jagiellonian University, Kraków,
Poland
AC.I.PPP.CataloguerecordffforthisbookisavailablefffromtheLibrarrryofCongress.
ISBN-10 1-4020-3396-6 (HB) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
ISBN-10 1-4020-3397-4 (e-book) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3396-4 (HB) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-3397-1 (e-book) Springer Dordrecht, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Published by Springer,
PPP.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht,The Netherlands.
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2005 Springer
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording
or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed in the Netherlands.
Summary Contents
Preface vii
1. INTRODUCTION:
ALFREDTARSKI’SPHILOSOPHICAL
BACKGROUNDINTHECONTEXT
OFHIS1933DEFINITIONOFTRUTH 1
2. THENOTIONOFTHETRUTHBEARER 23
3. DESCRIPTIVEPSYCHOLOGY:THETHEORY
OFJUDGEMENTASTHETHEORY
OFCOGNITIONANDKNOWLEDGE 33
4. JUDGEMENT,PSYCHOLOGY,ANDLANGUAGE 57
5. THEONTOLOGYOFJUDGEMENT 83
6. REISM 103
7. THEOBJECTIVITYOFTRUTH 111
8. ONTOLOGISM,ABSTRACTOBJECTSAND
NOMINALISM 161
9. BRENTANISMANDTHEBACKGROUND
OFTHESEMANTICS
OFTHELVOV-WARSAWSCHOOL 171
10.JUDGMENT,BELIEF,ANDSENTENCES:
REMARKSONTHETRUTHBEARER
INTHELVOV-WARSAWSCHOOL 191
11.FINALCOMMENTS 213
References 221
Appendices:PublicationsofArturRojszczak 235
Index 239
v

Contents
Preface xiii
1. INTRODUCTION:
ALFREDTARSKI’SPHILOSOPHICAL
BACKGROUNDINTHECONTEXT
OFHIS1933DEFINITIONOFTRUTH 1
1 TheQuestionoftheTruthBearerinTarski’sTheoryofTruth? 1
2 TheAmbiguityofTarski’sConceptofaSentence 4
3 AlfredTarskiasPhilosopher? 5
3.1 Tarski’sPhilosophicalBackground 5
3.2 SomeFactsandGeneticConnections 6
3.3 BrentanisminTarski’sPhilosophicalBackground? 7
3.4 TarskiandtheViennaCircle 8
3.5 TarskiandBrentano? 11
4 TheContentofthisStudyandwhatisnotIncludedinPrevious
StudiesonthisTopic 14
4.1 TheWolen´´ski-SimonsThesis 14
4.2 TheContentoftheStudy 16
2. THENOTIONOFTHETRUTHBEARER 23
1 ThePlaceoftheNotionoftheTruthBearer
intheTheoryofTruth 23
2 TheProblemoftheTruthBearer 25
3 TheDefinitionoftheTruthBearer 26
4 TheVarietyofTruthBearers 27
3. DESCRIPTIVEPSYCHOLOGY:THETHEORY
OFJUDGEMENTASTHETHEORY
OFCOGNITIONANDKNOWLEDGE 33
1 FranzBrentano(I):TheActofJudgingastheTruthBearer 33
1.1 TheVarietyofEntitiesRelatedtotheActofJudging 33
vii
viii FROMTHEACTOFJUDGINGTOTHESENTENCE
1.2 ThePrimacyoftheNotionofKnowledgeinRelation
totheNotionofTruth 34
1.3 AnArgumentBasedontheGnoseologicalConcept
ofTruth 36
1.4 AnArgumentBasedontheIdiogeneticTheory
ofJudgement 36
1.5 TheDefinitionoftheActofJudging
astheTruthBearer 38
2 KazimierzTwardowski(I):Act-Content-Object 41
2.1 Presentation 42
2.2 TheJudgment 43
2.3 TheTruthoftheObjectofPresenting 44
3 AlexiusMeinong(I):ThinkingandTrueObjectives 45
3.1 Thinking 45
3.2 TheObjectofThinking 46
3.3 CognitionandKnowledge 47
3.4 ATrueObjectiveandaTrueActofJudging 48
4 AntonMarty(I):TheAdequateActofJudging
astheTruthBearer 49
4.1 TheAmbiguityoftheNotionofthePrimary
TruthBearer 49
4.2 AnArgumentBasedontheEpistemological
NotionofTruth 50
4.3 TheContentofaJudgment 51
5 SummaryofChapter3: theEpistemicNotionofTruth 53
4. JUDGEMENT,PSYCHOLOGY,ANDLANGUAGE 57
1 FranzBrentano(II):LinguisticAnalysis 57
1.1 LanguageandThinking 57
1.2 TheUseofLinguisticExpressions 59
1.3 ‘Truth’asaSyncategorematicalExpression 59
1.4 ANoteonBrentano’sTheoryofMeaning
andReference 60
1.5 AnArgumentfromtheReducibilityofSentences 61
2 KazimierzTwardowski(II):Determiningand
ModifyingAdjectives 61
2.1 TheMeaningandFunctionofNames 62
2.2 AttributingandModifyingPredicates 62
2.3 TheLogicofAdjectives 64
3 AlexiusMeinong(II):Truth-PredicatesinOrdinaryUse 65
3.1 AnExpressionandItsMeaning 65
3.2 Communication 68
Contents ix
3.3 Meinong’sArgumentfromtheOrdinaryUsage
ofEpistemicOperators 69
3.4 AnArgumentfromTrueHypothesis 71
4 AntonMarty(II):SpeechActs 72
4.1 AutosemanticExpressionsandtheBasicTypes
ofMentalPhenomena 72
4.2 LinguisticFormsandtheirBasicFunctions 73
4.3 CommunicationofContent 74
4.4 TheTruthofObjects 76
4.5 TheTruth-PredicateinExpressionsofDirect
andIndirectJudgingActs 77
4.6 OnArgumentsfromtheNaturalUseofAdjectives 78
5 SummaryofChapter4 78
5. THEONTOLOGYOFJUDGEMENT 83
1 WhatistheOntologyofJudgement? 83
1.1 TheLinkBetweenPsychologyandLanguage 83
1.2 WhereAreObjectsofJudgement? 84
1.3 TheImmanentisticReadingofBrentano’sDoctrine
ofIntentionality 85
2 CarlStumpf(I):OnActandContent 85
3 KazimierzTwardowski(III):OntheObjectofJudgement 87
4 EdmundHusserl(I):ThePsycho-LinguisticContent
ofJudgement 88
4.1 FormalOntology 88
4.2 TheTheoryofMeaning 89
4.3 TheTheoryoftheCognitionofMeaning 91
4.4 TruthasSpecies 93
5 AntonMarty(III):TheTemporalOntology
oftheContentofJudgements 95
6 AdolfReinach(I):APlatonisticOntologyofJudgement 99
7 SummaryofChapter5 100
6. REISM 103
1 FranzBrentano(III):TheJudgerastheTruthBearer 103
1.1 WhatisPresentable? 103
1.2 TheReisticTheoryofMeaning 104
1.3 WhatisPresentedfromthePointofViewofReism? 105
1.4 TheJudger 105
2 TadeuszKotarbin´´ski(I) 106
2.1 OntologicalandSemanticalReism 106
2.2 TheSentencefromtheReisticStandpoint 106