From Messengers to Molecules: Memories are Made of These

638 Pages·2004·10.38 MB·English

by  Gernot Riedel, Bettina Platt

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From Messengers to Molecules:
Memories Are Made of These
Gernot Riedel, Ph.D.
Bettina Platt, Ph.D.
School of Medical Sciences
College of Life Sciences and Medicine
University of Aberdeen
Foresterhill, Aberdeen, U.K.
LANDES BIOSCIENCE / EUREKAH.COM KLUWER ACADEMIC / PLENUM PUBLISHERS
GEORGETOWN, TEXAS NEW YORK, NEW YORK
U.S.A. U.S.A.
F M M :
ROM ESSENGERS TO OLECULES
M A M T
EMORIES RE ADE OF HESE
Neuroscience Intelligence Unit
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Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers
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From Messengers to Molecules: Memories Are Made of These, edited by Gernot Riedel and Bettina Platt,
Landes / Kluwer dual imprint / Landes series: Neuroscience Intelligence Unit
ISBN: 0-306-47862-5
While the authors, editors and publisher believe that drug selection and dosage and the specifications and
usage of equipment and devices, as set forth in this book, are in accord with current recommendations and
practice at the time of publication, they make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to material
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
From messengers to molecules : memories are made of these /
[edited by] Gernot Riedel, Bettina Platt.
p. ; cm. -- (Neuroscience intelligence unit)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-306-47862-5
1. Neurochemistry. 2. Neurotransmitters. 3. Neurotransmitter
receptors. I. Riedel, Gernot. II. Platt, Bettina. III. Series:
Neuroscience intelligence unit (Unnumbered)
[DNLM: 1. Memory--physiology. 2. Ion Channels. 3. Learning
--physiology. 4. Memory Disorders. 5. Neurotransmitters.
6. Transcription Factors. WL 102 F9308 2004]
QP356.3.F76 2004
612.8'042--dc22
2004001884
Dedication
To our children Daniel and Lisa Sophie,
for wonderful memories.
CONTENTS
Preface ..................................................................................................ix
Abbreviations......................................................................................xxi
Section 1. Ions and Ion Channels
1.1. Calcium..................................................................................................1
Miao-Kun Sun and Daniel L. Alkon
Ca2+ Influx.............................................................................................2
Neurotransmitter Release ......................................................................7
Modulation of Channel Activity............................................................8
Signal Transduction Cascades ...............................................................9
Alzheimer’s Disease.............................................................................14
1.2. Potassium.............................................................................................20
Jeffrey Vernon and Karl Peter Giese
How Can K+ Channels Contribute to Learning and Memory? ............22
Section 2. Principle Neurotransmitters
2.1. Glutamate Receptors............................................................................39
Gernot Riedel, Jacques Micheau and Bettina Platt
Glutamate Receptor Function in Learning and Memory
Formation.......................................................................................43
2.2. γ-Amino-Butyric Acid (GABA).............................................................72
Claudio Castellano, Vincenzo Cestari and Alessandro Ciamei
GABAergic Drugs and Memory Formation: Peripheral
Administrations...............................................................................73
GABAergic Drugs and Memory: Genotype-Dependent Effects...........75
GABAergic Drugs and the State-Dependency Hypothesis...................76
GABAergic Drugs and Memory Formation: Administrations
into Brain Structures.......................................................................77
Interaction with Other Systems...........................................................82
2.3. Acetylcholine: I. Muscarinic Receptors.................................................90
Giancarlo Pepeu and Maria Grazia Giovannini
Muscarinic Receptors..........................................................................93
Which Cognitive Processes Depend on the Activation
of Muscarinic Receptors?.................................................................98
Effects of Direct and Indirect Selective Muscarinic Receptor
Agonists on Learning and Memory: Therapeutic Implications.......103
2.4. Acetylcholine: II. Nicotinic Receptors................................................113
Joyce Besheer and Rick A. Bevins
Neuronal nAChRs.............................................................................113
Memory............................................................................................115
Attention...........................................................................................117
Rewarding/Incentive Effects..............................................................118
Other Effects.....................................................................................120
2.5. Serotonin ...........................................................................................125
Marie-Christine Buhot, Mathieu Wolff and Louis Segu
Role of 5-HT in Memory: Global Strategies......................................126
Serotonergic-Cholinergic Interactions ...............................................128
5-HT Receptors in Memory Systems.................................................128
2.6. Dopamine..........................................................................................143
Jan P.C. de Bruin
Functional Studies Using a Systemic Approach.................................145
Functional Studies Using a Central Approach...................................148
2.7. Adrenaline and Noradrenaline............................................................155
Marie E. Gibbs and Roger J. Summers
Pharmacology of α- and β-Adrenoceptors in the Central
Nervous System.............................................................................155
Factors Affecting Drug Action at Adrenoceptors ...............................159
Memory Studies with Adrenoceptor Agonists and Antagonists
in Rats...........................................................................................160
Memory Studies with Adrenoceptor Agonists and Antagonists
in Chicks.......................................................................................163
Roles for Adrenoceptor Subtypes in the LPO....................................169
2.8. Histamine ..........................................................................................174
Rüdiger U. Hasenöhrl and Joseph P. Huston
The Histaminergic Neuron System ...................................................174
The Role of the Tuberomammillary Nucleus Projection System
in Neural Plasticity and Functional Recovery................................176
The Role of the Histaminergic Neuronal System in the Control
of Reinforcement...........................................................................178
The Role of the Histaminergic Neuronal System in the Control
of Learning and Mnemonic Processes............................................181
Tuberomammillary Modulation of Hippocampal Signal Transfer.....187
2.9. Adenosine and Purines.......................................................................196
Trevor W. Stone, M-R. Nikbakht and E. Martin O’Kane
Origin of Adenosine in the Extracellular Fluid ..................................196
Adenosine Receptors .........................................................................196
Adenosine and Learning....................................................................197
Adenosine and Synaptic Plasticity......................................................199
Interactions between Adenosine and Cholinergic
Neurotransmission........................................................................201
Interactions between Purines and Glutamate Receptors.....................203
Other Receptor Interactions..............................................................205
The Effects of Ageing on Adenosine Receptors..................................210
Trophic Functions of Nucleosides.....................................................210
Nucleotides and Synaptic Plasticity...................................................211
Section 3. Neuromodulators
3.1. Cannabinoids.....................................................................................224
Lianne Robinson, Bettina Platt and Gernot Riedel
Cannabinoid Receptors.....................................................................224
Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands .........................................................225
Cannabinoid Receptors Modulate Memory Formation.....................226
3.2. Opioids..............................................................................................246
Makoto Ukai, Ken Kanematsu, Tsutomu Kameyama
and Takayoshi Mamiya
Distribution of Opioid Peptides and Their Receptors
in the Hippocampus......................................................................246
Effects of Opioid Receptor Ligands on Long-Term Potentiation
in Hippocampal Regions...............................................................249
Effects of Opioid Receptor Ligands on Learning and Memory
in Hippocampal Regions...............................................................251
Effects of Opioid Receptor Ligands on Learning
and Memory Tasks........................................................................251
Ameliorating Effects of Opioid Receptor Ligands on Models
of Learning and Memory Impairment...........................................251
3.3. Neuropeptides....................................................................................256
David De Wied and Gábor L. Kovács
Posterior Pituitary Peptides (Vasopressin, Oxytocin).........................256
ACTH/MSH and Opioid Peptides ...................................................261
Hypophyseotropic Peptides (CRF, Somatostatin)..............................263
Brain-Gut Peptides (CCK, Neuropeptide Y, Galanin).......................266
Substance P.......................................................................................270
Natriuretic Peptides, Angiotensin......................................................272
Amyloid Peptides ..............................................................................277
3.4. Nerve Growth Factors and Neurotrophins.........................................286
Catherine Brandner
Neurotrophin Expression and Regulation of Neurogenesis
during Development .....................................................................287
Neurotrophin Receptors....................................................................287
Nerve Growth Factor and the Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System ...287
Behavioral Studies of NGF Administrations......................................289
Discussion.........................................................................................295
3.5. Eph Receptors and Their Ephrin Ligands in Neural Plasticity ...........300
Robert Gerlai
The Promiscuous Family of Eph Receptors.......................................300
Function of Eph Receptors in the Normal Brain: Role
in Plasticity and Memory ..............................................................302
Mechanisms Mediating Eph Action: The First Working
Hypotheses....................................................................................306
3.6. Corticosteroids...................................................................................314
Carmen Sandi
Glucocorticoid Hormones and Receptors..........................................314
Role of Glucocorticoids on Memory Consolidation ..........................317
Neural Mechanisms Involved in Glucocorticoid Actions
on Memory Consolidation............................................................321
Effects of Chronic Exposure to Elevated Glucocorticoid
Levels on Cognitive and Neural Function .....................................324
Section 4. Second Messengers and Enzymes
4.1. Adenylyl Cyclases...............................................................................330
Nicole Mons and Jean-Louis Guillou
Adenylyl Cyclases and Memory Formation in Invertebrates ..............331
The Drosophila System.....................................................................332
A Specific Role for Mammalian Adenylyl Cyclases in Learning
and Memory Processes: Heterogeneity of Mammalian
Adenylyl Cyclases..........................................................................333
4.2. Phospholipases and Oxidases .............................................................349
Christian Hölscher
Phospholipases ..................................................................................350
Arachidonic Acid (ArA), a Second Messenger....................................351
Release of ArA...................................................................................352
Time Course of Release.....................................................................352
Targets of ArA...................................................................................352
ArA and Metabolites of ArA As Transmitters and ‘Retrograde
Messengers’ in Synaptic Plasticity..................................................353
Oxygenases That Are of Importance in Memory Formation..............357
Cyclooxygenases................................................................................358
The Timing of Memory Formation...................................................362
Defined Steps in Memory Formation................................................362
A Potential Role for Defined Time Windows of Messenger
Systems in Memory Formation .....................................................363
4.3. Protein Kinase A................................................................................369
Monica R.M. Vianna and Ivan Izquierdo
Short- and Long-Term Memory........................................................370
One-Trial Avoidance.........................................................................372
The cAMP/PKA Signaling Pathway ..................................................372
PKA Involvement in Long-Term Memory Formation.......................373
PKA Involvement in Short-Term Memory Formation ......................375
PKA Involvement in Memory Retrieval.............................................378
PKA Involvement in Extinction ........................................................379
4.4. Protein Kinase C................................................................................383
Xavier Noguès, Alessia Pascale, Jacques Micheau and Fiorenzo Battaini
Protein Kinase C: Who Is It?.............................................................384
PKC in Synaptic Plasticity.................................................................386
Evidence for the Involvement of PKC in Cognitive Processes............389
PKC and Neuronal Pathologies Impairing Cognition........................395
Pharmacological Modulation of PKC: The Goal of Isoenzyme
Selectivity......................................................................................400
4.5. CaMKinase II.....................................................................................411
Martín Cammarota and Jorge H. Medina
CaMKII: Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Processing........................412
Downstream Effectors of the CaMKII Cascade.................................416
CaMKIV: A New (and Important) Player in the Plasticity Team ......418
4.6. MAP Kinases......................................................................................425
Joel C. Selcher, Edwin J. Weeber and J. David Sweatt
Hippocampal Involvement in Learning.............................................429
ERK in Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity ..........................................433
A Necessity for ERK Activation for Mammalian Learning.................435
Specific Contributions of ERK Isoforms to LTP and Learning..........440
Biochemical Attributes That Make ERK Suited for Memory
Formation.....................................................................................442
4.7. Phosphatases......................................................................................448
Pauleen C. Bennett and Kim T. Ng
Phosphorylation in Information Storage Processes.............................458
Phosphatase Involvement in Invertebrate Memory Models................462
Protein Phosphatases in Aplysia Learning and Memory .....................463
Phosphorylation in Vertebrate Memory Models................................464
4.8. Nitric Oxide.......................................................................................480
Kiyofumi Yamada and Toshitaka Nabeshima
Regulation of NO Synthesis in the Brain...........................................480
Role of NO in LTP and LTD ...........................................................481
Role of NO in Memory Processes......................................................483
Learning and Memory-Associated Changes in NO Production
in the Brain...................................................................................487