From Mars to Greenland: Charting Gravity With Space and Airborne Instruments: Fields, Tides, Methods, Results

352 Pages·1992·20.46 MB·English

by  William M. Kaula (auth.)

International Association of Geodesy Symposia
Ivan 1. Mueller, Series Editor
International Association of Geodesy Symposia
Ivan I. Mueller, Series Editor
Symposium 101: Global and Regional Geodynamics
Symposium 102: Global Positioning System: An Overview
Symposium 103: Gravity, Gradiometry, and Gravimetry
Symposium 104: Sea Surface Topography and the Geoid
Symposium 105: Earth Rotation and Coordinate Reference Frames
Symposium 106: Determination of the Geoid: Present and Future
Symposium 107: Kinematic Systems in Geodesy, Surveying, and Remote Sensing
Symposium 108: Applications of Geodesy to Engineering
Symposium 109: Permanent Satellite Tracking Networks for Geodesy and Geodynamics
Symposium 110: From Mars to Greenland: Charting Gravity With Space and Airborne Instruments
From Mars to Greenland:
Charting Gravity With Space and
Airborne Instruments
Fields, Tides, Methods, Results
Symposium No. 110
Vienna, Austria, August 20, 1991
Edited by
Oscar L. Colombo
Springer-Verlag
New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris
Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Oscar L. Colombo
Goddard Space Flight Center
Code 929, Building 22, Room G-34
Greenbelt, MD 20771
USA
Series Editor
Ivan I. Mueller
Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OR 43210-1247
USA
For information regarding previous symposia volumes contact:
Secretaire General
Bureau Central de I'Association Intemationale de Geodesie
138, rue de Grenelle
75700 Paris
France
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
From Mars to Greenland: charting gravity with space and airborne
instruments / Oscar Colombo (ed.)
p. cm. --(International Association of Geodesy symposia:
symposium 110)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN -13: 978-0-387-97857-4
1. Gravity--Measurement--Congresses. 2. Astronautics in geodesy
-Congresses. I. Colombo, Oscar L. II. Series.
QB330.E76 1991
526'.7--dc20 92-14148
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ISBN -13: 978-0-387-97857-4 e-ISBN -13 :978-1-4613-9255-2
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-9255-2
Preface
This is the book of proceedings of the Symposium on the Determination of the Gravity Field by Space
and Airborne Methods, sponsored by the International Association of Geodesy (lAG). That meeting
took place in Vienna, on August 20, 1991, as part of the XX General Assembly of the IUGG. Included
are those articles describing work presented at the meeting, written in accordance to the guidelines that
were received by November 30, 1991. The papers were all submitted by their authors in camera-ready
form. Their editing has been limited to a check of overall technical fitness and relevance, without look
ing into the validity of every detail. Some 75% of the works originally listed in the Symposium's pro
gram, oral and poster, appear in this book. Several individuals and organizations have contributed
directly, with their effort or support, to the success of this enterprise. In particular, I wish to thank my
Symposium co"convenors, Professors Klaus-Peter Schwarz and Reiner Rummel, for taking the initia
tive within the lAG from the very beginning, and keeping open the way for this multi-section gathering
to take place. My appreciation also to M. Louis, Secretary General of the lAG, for facilitating commu
nications within the lAG and with the Austrian organizers. Finally, many thanks to my colleagues at
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center for letting me have the necessary time and the physical means to
carry out several organizing and editorial tasks.
The mapping of the gravity field of the Earth and planets has come a long way since the start of
the Space Age, in late 1957. Satellites have been used as probes to detect, on a global basis, the depar
tures of the actual field from that of a simple reference ellipsoid. That information has been extracted,
mostly, from tracking data that reveal irregularities in the orbits caused by the uneven pull of the gravi
ty being charted. In general, the resolution of the picture thus obtained increases with decreasing
height. In more recent times, the idea of measuring microgravity with very sensitive accelerometers
has been at the heart of plans to place gravity gradiometers in very low orbits, to detect finer details
than by conventional spacecraft tracking. The use of the Ubiquitous Global Positioning System to find
the trajectories of spacecraft and other vehicles is having a deep effect on gravity work. The possibility
of tracking an airplane with great precision in this way, to determine its acceleration in order to correct
the reading of an onboard gravimeter, is opening the way for the relatively inexpensive and fast survey
of large areas, with a few kilometers' resolution, at the mgal level. A further development of this idea
is to combine the GPS with a very precise inertial navigation system to recover the full gravity vector
and, thus, measure deflections of the vertical as well as gravity anomalies. Satellite altimetry, com
bined with precise orbit determination, has allowed the very detailed mapping of the field over the
oceans (ocean geoid), and the long-sought separation there of geostrophic current effects from gravity
anomalies. Nearly 20 years of continuous use of satellite laser ranging has yielded a data set unique in
homogeneity and length of temporal coverage, now being used to answer questions about long-period
tides and other causes of change in gravity.
The purpose of this Symposium has been to bring together those working in the areas just out
lined, so as to give a composite picture of both goals reached and directions taken in the remote sens
ing of gravity, at the beginning of the last decade of this millennium. The works published here have
been ordered to reveal the sweep of current activities: from global pictures of the fields of Mars, Earth,
and Venus, to the detailed survey of Greenland by aircraft, the largest ever attempted anywhere thus
v
far. Some of the papers, like those dealing with the latest global maps of the Earth's field, represent the
culmination of decades of international efforts. Others, like the one partly written in a computer, on an
airplane, during an aerial survey, suggest the new possibilities that recent technical advances in many
areas (computing, instrumentation, data analysis, space systems, and so on) are offering to those still
going out in the old and endless quest to know, better and better, the curious shape of our changing
world.
Oscar L. Colombo
Greenbelt, Maryland, December of 1991
vi
Contents
Preface v
Space Techniques I: Long Wavelengths
Properties of the Gravity Fields of Terrestrial Planets
W.M. Kaula
Gravity Modeling of Mars and Venus at NASAlGSFC 11
D.E. Smith and R.S. Nerem
An Improved Model of the Earth's Gravity Field: GEM-T3 29
R.S. Nerem, F.l. Lerch, B.H. Putney, S.M. Klosko,
C.B. Patel, R.C. Williamson, E.e. Pavlis
Performance of Recent Gravity Field Models in Precision Orbit
Determination Using Doppler Observations 45
P.l. Fell and e.H. Seay
Gravity Field Estimation From Future Space Missions: Topex/Poseidon,
Gravity Probe-B, and Aristoteles 51
E.e. Pavlis
Integrated Laser Doppler Method for Measuring Planetary Gravity Fields 63
PL Bender
Atmospheric Gravitational Influence on Geodetic Satellite Orbits:
ST ARLETTE Analysis 73
B.F. Chao and l.e. Chan
Observed Temporal Variations in the Earth's Gravity Field From I6-year
STA RLETTE Orbit Analysis 83
M.K. Cheng, R.l. Eanes, e.K. Shum, B.E. Schutz, and B.D. Tapley
Space Techniques II: High Resolution
High Resolution Gravity Models Combining Terrestrial and Satellite Data 93
R.H. Rapp, N.K. Pavlis, and Y.M Wang
vii
Test Results of Analyzing Altimeter Data by a Quasigeostrophic Model
of the Sea Surface Topography 107
N. Arent, G. Hiickelheim, and K.-R. Koch
Sea Surface Height Modeling, Generation and Validation of Sample Products 117
W. Bosch, M. AnzenhoJer, and N. Spacker
A Comparison Between Satellite Gravity Data (Geosat) and Marine Gravity Data
Measured in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica 129
A.L. Brodscholl, Uc. Herzfeld, and D.T. Sandwell
Effect of Water Vapor Corrections for Satellite Altimeter Measurements of the Geoid 139
1.P. Noreus
ARISTOTELES 149
M.A. Aguirre-Martinez, M. Schuyer, and P.L. Silvestrin
Toward a Gradiometer Analytic Model 159
D. Sonnabend
A BVP Approach to the Reduction of Spaceborne Gradiometry:
Theory and Simulations 169
M. Brovelli, F. Migliaccio, and F. Sanso
Results From the Simulations of Geopotential Coefficient
Estimation From Gravity Gradients 181
S. Bettadpur, B.E. Schutz, and 1.B. Lundberg
Laboratory Demonstrations of Superconducting Gravity and Inertial
Sensors for Space and Airborne Gravity Measurements 191
R.l. Paik, E.R. Canavan, K. Qin, and M. V. Moody
Airborne Techniques I: New Results
The Greenland Aerogeophysics Project: Airborne Gravity, Topographic
and Magnetic Mapping of an Entire Continent 203
1.M. Brozena
Airborne Gravity Measurements Over the Kelvin Seamount 215
F.S. Barker, M. Chalona, L. Kormandy, D. Ratzlaff, and S. Sramek
Airborne Gravity From a Light Aircraft 225
R.E. Bell, B.i. Coakley, D.D. Blankenship, S.M. Hodge, and 1.M. Brozena
Accuracy of GPS-derived Acceleration From Moving Platform Tests 235
M. Wei, S. Ferguson, And K.-P. Schwarz
Multiple Receiver, Zero-length Baseline Kinematic GPS Positioning
Techniques for Airborne Gravity Measurement 251
M.F. Peters, 1.M. Brozena, and G.L. Mader
viii
Airborne Techniques II: New Directions
Airborne Gravimetry, Altimetry, and GPS Navigation Errors 261
OL Colombo
Requirements for Airborne Vector Gravimetry 273
K-P. Schwarz, OL Colombo, G. Hein, and E.T. Knickmeyer
Airborne Vector Gravimetry With an Aided Inertial Survey System 285
1.R. Huddle
Controlling Common Mode Stabilization Errors in Airborne Gravity Gradiometry 301
l.N. Tziavos, K-P. Schwarz, R. v.c. Wong, and 1. Panenka
GPS/INS Gravity Measurements in Space and on a Balloon 311
Ch. lekeli
A BVP Approach to the Reduction of Spaceborne GPS and Accelerometric Observations 323
M. Bassanino, F. Migliaccio, and F. Sacerdote
Related Theory
Walsh-Fourier Series Expansion of the Earth's Gravitational Potential 339
1. Meng and X. Cai
Non-singular Cross-track Derivatives of the Gravitational Potential Using
Rotated Spherical Harmonics 349
N. Sneeuw
Author Index 358
ix
PROPERTIES OF THE GRAVITY FIELDS
OF TERRESTRIAL PLANETS
William M. Kaula
Dept. of Earth and space Sciences
University of California
Los Angeles, California 90024-1567 USA
INTRODUCTION
The gravity fields of Earth, Venus, and Mars have recently
been reanalysed more thoroughly by Lerch et al (1992) and
smith and Nerem (1992), extending the spherical harmonic
expansions to appreciably higher degrees. It is therefore
timely to examine the properties of the three planetary
gravity fields, as expressed by these harmonic coefficients.
Necessary auxiliaries to this examination are the harmonic
expansions of the planetary topographies, by Balmino et al
(1973), Bills and Ferrari (1978), and Bills and Kobrick
(1985) .
The areas of examination are: (1) the spectral magnitudes
and slopes of the gravity coefficients; (2) the correlations
between gravity and topography, expressed as apparent depths
of compensation and uncorrelated gravity variation; and (3)
the correlations among different gravity harmonics, expres
sed by axiality and angularity (Kaula and Asimow, 1991).
SPECTRAL MAGNITUDES AND SLOPES
The main quantity of interest is the rms magnitude of nor
malized coefficients, which we denote as sl:
[L:!
s 1 = m ( C1m 2 + S 1m 2 ) / ( 2 1 + 1 ) ] 1/2 , (1)
where 1, m are the harmonic degree and order, and C1 , Slm
are the coefficients for spherical harmonics normalize~ to a
mean square of unity.
To a set of rms degree magnitudes sl we can fit by least
squares the parameters A, n of a rule of the form A / In.
This procedure is inspired mainly by Earth, for which the
coefficients have long been known to fit 10-5/12 quite well