From Hierarchy to Anarchy: Territory and Politics Before Westphalia

279 Pages·2009·22.53 MB·English

by  Jeremy Larkins

From Hierarchy to Anarchy
Territory and Politics before
Westphalia
jeremy Larkins
pal grave
macmillan
2009

Contents
List ofI llustrations ix
Acknowledgments xi
1 Introduction: Territoriality, Westphalia, and
International Relations 1
2 International Relations, Political Theory, and
the Territorial State 17
3 Theorizing Territoriality: Discourse, Culture, History 35
4 Hierarchy, Order, and Space in the Medieval World 53
5 Christendom, Hierarchy, and Medieval Political Discourse 73
6 The Renaissance Critique of Hierarchy 101
7 Machiavelli, Territoriality, and Lo Stato 123
8 Picturing Renaissance Territoriality 145
9 The Renaissance Territorialization of International Society 169
10 Conclusion: Territoriality, the Renaissance, and
International Relations 195
Notes 201
Bibliography 245
Index 263

Illustrations
5.1 The Skrzicziek Miniature, in Gratian of Bologna,
Decretum: Distinctiones 9, Pars 1, c.1140. Archives of
the Prague Castle, Prague, Czech Republic. © Archives
of the Prague Castle. 75
5.2 The Emperor in Majesty, c. 975 (vellum) by German
school (tenth century). Aachen Cathedral, Aachen,
Germany. Bildarchiv Foto Marburg/The Bridgeman
Art Library. German. Out of copyright. 86
8.1 View of an Ideal City, 1490-1500 (oil on panel)
by Italian School (fifteenth century). ©Walters Art
Museum, Baltimore, USA/The Bridgeman Art Library. 151
8.2 Portraits of Duke Federico da Montefeltro (1422-82)
and Battista Sforza, c.1465 (tempera on panel)
by Francesca, Piero della (c.1415-92).
Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy/The Bridgeman
Art Library. Italian. Out of copyright. 156
8.3 The Triumphs of Duke Federico da Montefeltro
(1422-82) and Battista Sforza, c.1465 (tempera on
panel) by Francesca, Piero della (c.1415-92). Galleria degli
Uffizi, Florence, Italy/The Bridgeman Art Library.
Italian. Out of copyright. 157
8.4 Arrival of Cardinal Francesco Gonzaga, greeted
by his father Marchese Ludovico Gonzaga III
(reigned 1444-78) and his brothers, from the
Camera degli Sposi or Camera Picta, 1465-74 (fresco)
by Mantegna, Andrea (1431-1506).
Palazzo Ducale, Mantua, Italy/The Bridgeman Art
Library. Italian. Out of copyright. 161
x • Illustrations
8.5 Map of the world, based on descriptions and
coordinates given in "Geographia," by Ptolemy
(Claudius Ptolemaeus of Alexandria) {c.90-168 AD),
published in Ulm, Germany, 1486 {color engraving)
by German School {fifteenth century). British Library,
London, UK/© British Library Board. All Rights
Reserved/The Bridgeman Art Library. German.
Out of copyright. 164
8.6 Carta della Catena, 1490 {Detail) by Italian School
{fifteenth century). Museo de Firenze Com'era,
Florence, Italy/The Bridgeman Art Library. Italian.
Out of copyright. 165
9.1 Columbus at Hispaniola, from "The Narrative and
Critical History of America," edited by Justin Winsor,
London, 1886 {engraving) by Bry, Theodore de (1528-98)
{after). Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library.
Flemish. Out of copyright. 179
9.2 Credit: Copy of Monumenta Cartographia, 1502
{color litho) by © Royal Geographical Society,
London, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library. 191
Acknowledgments
T
his book has taken far too long to reach completion and in the pro
cess I have incurred a considerable number of debts. Some of the
ideas presented here first saw the light of day during my graduate
studies at the London School of Economics. During the enjoyable years
I spent at the LSE many people contributed to my intellectual journey.
My greatest debt is to my teacher and supervisor Mr. Michael Banks who
encouraged my forays into pastures new while reigning in some of my wil
der impulses. Several other members of the department of International
Relations at the LSE also offered valuable support and encouragement. In
particular I would like to mention Chris Coker, Mark Hoffman, Justin
Rosenberg, and Hayo Krombach. My examiners David Campbell and Chris
Brown provided many insightful comments and criticisms that have been
incorporated into the present work. The graduate community at the LSE in
the mid-1990s was remarkable in many ways and Molly Cochrane, Joal de
Almeida, Eddie Keene, Bernice Lee, Mairi Johnson, Bice Maiguashca, and
Agostinho Zacarias were sources of inspiration and friendship.
In recent years colleagues in several institutions have made me feel welcome.
Despite our differences over the nature of research methods, Yossi Mekelberg at
Regents' College has been instrumental in my return to teaching. I also appre
ciate the warmth shown to me by the members of Department of Politics at
Goldsmiths, in particular fromJasna Dragovic-Soso, Richard Greyson, Branwen
Gruffydd Jones, Gonzo Pozzo, and Sanjay Seth. My future research ambitions
have in no small way been inspired by the department's intellectual ethos.
Within the broader International Relations community, Mats Berdal, Stephen
Chan, James Der Derian, Mervyn Frost, Nick Renegger, Hidemi Suganami,
and Rob Walker have all contributed in various ways to the project. I would also
like to thank the members of the Warburg Institute of the University of London
for allowing me to use their wonderful library.
xii • Acknowledgments
At Palgrave Macmillan several people have played important roles in nur
turing this project. I am particularly indebted to Peter Wilson the editor of the
"History oflnternational Thought Series" for expressing an interest in my work
and encouraging me to submit a manuscript for consideration. This series is an
important outlet for those of us who think that the history of ideas matters.
Farideh Koohi-Kamali, Toby Wahl, and Asa Johnson have all provided a pub
lishing novice with invaluable support and advice. I would also like to thank
Victoria Hogarth at Bridgeman Art Library and Marek Suchy at the Archives of
the Prague Castle for their help with obtaining the images. The external review
er's comments were extremely insightful and I am very grateful for their close
reading of my manuscript. I have incorporated many of the reviewer's valuable
suggestions and believe that the final text is considerably improved as a result.
Finally many thanks to Philip Davis for his diligent work compiling the index
and reading the proofs.
Emotional and psychological support on what has sometimes been a diffi
cult journey has come from many people. Professor Valerie Cowie provided not
only valuable professional assistance but also hours of stimulating conversation.
I am grateful for the, often bemused, understanding and patience shown by
Zoe Rahman and Zaklina Manevska-Hamilton. One could not wish for better
friends than Spyros Economides and Katerina Dalacoura who have picked up
the pieces on more than one occasion. My parents Fay and Gordon, my sister
and brother, Frances and Matthew, and their families, have all been sources of
kindnesses beyond the call of family duty.
I have dedicated this book to Oominique Jacquin-Berdal. Dominique's tragic
death in early 2006 not only robbed the International Relations community in
Britain of one of its brightest prospects and Africa of one of its most passionate
advocates but also many of us of a dear friend. Dominique was an unfailing
source of wisdom, generosity, and kindness and I consider myself blessed to have
been able to count her among my dearest friends.