From Goals to Data and Back Again: Adding Backbone to Developmental Intervention for Children With Autism

420 Pages·2009·2.15 MB·English

by  Jill Fain Lehman

From Goals to Data and Back Again
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From Goals to Data
and Back Again
Adding Backbone to Developmental
Intervention for Children with Autism
Jill Fain Lehman and Rebecca Klaw
Jessica Kingsley Publishers
London and New York
All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and
review, no part of this book or the accompanying CD-ROM except those portions appearing
in the appendices may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the
prior written permission of the publisher. Material that appears in the appendices of this book
may be reproduced without modification by educational institutions.
Warning: The doing of an unauthorised act in relation to a copyright work may result in both
a civil claim for damages and criminal prosecution.
The right of Jill Fain Lehman and Rebecca Klaw to be identified as authors of this work has
been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published in the United Kingdom in 2003
by Jessica Kingsley Publishers Ltd
116 Pentonville Road
London N1 9JB, England
and
29 West 35th Street, 10th fl.
New York, NY 10001-2299, USA
www.jkp.com
Copyright © 2003 Jill Fain Lehman and Rebecca Klaw
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Lehman, Jill Fain.
From goals to data and back again : adding backbone to developmental intervention for
children with autism/Jill Fain Lehman, Rebecca Klaw.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-84310-753-8 (alk.paper)
1. Autism in children. 2. Autism in children--Treatment. 3. Children with
disabilities--Rehabilitation. I. Klaw, Rebecca, 1952- II. Title.
RJ506.A9L446 2003
618.92’898206--dc21
2003041614
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 1 84310 753 8
Printed and Bound in Great Britain by
Athenaeum Press, Gateshead, Tyne and Wear
For Philip, Charles, and Sarah Kaye
— JFL
For Art, Ben, Jeremy, and Bram
— RK

Contents
List of Exercises 11
List of Figures and Tables 11
Acknowledgments 14
1. Why We Wrote This Book 15
The Big Picture 18
How to use this book 19
2. Identifying Goals 21
Attention and basic social relatedness 21
Imitation 23
Affect 23
Self-regulation 25
Play 26
Social play 26
Pretend play 27
Drawing 27
Communication 28
Eye gaze 29
Receptive communication (understanding language) 30
Expressive communication:body language and affect 30
Expressive communication:the use of symbols 31
Conversationsl skills/pragmatics 32
Sensory issues 33
Restricted interests and perseverative behaviors 34
Concept development 34
Increasing awareness of others 35
Social skills with peers 36
Respecting social norms 37
School and camp skills 38
Leisure 38
Things to remember 39
3. Writing Measurable Goals 41
Change in the child and change in the goals 42
Phase 1:Emergence 43
Phase 2:Consistency 43
Phase 3:Extension 43
Writing goals that can be measured 44
Ways of recording increasing or decreasing frequency 47
Using quantitative scales 47
Using a qualitative scale 50
Ways of recording increasing or decreasing duration 52
Ways of recording an increasing range of behavior 53
Ways of recording a decreasing prompt level 55
Considering goal-independent factors 57
Things to remember 58
4. Collecting the Data 61
Data questions 61
Formatting the data sheet 63
Frequency of data collection 65
Special suggestions for teachers 67
Monitoring goal-independent factors 68
Things to remember 71
5. Putting It All Together — Joey,Tyler,and Mai Lin 73
Joey 73
Tyler 77
Mai Lin 81
Things to remember 84
6. From Data Collection to Data Analysis 85
Types of data 85
Translating words to numbers to create raw data 89
Transferring the raw data to spreadsheets 92
Keeping in mind what the numbers really mean 95
First impressions:numbers versus pictures 96
Creating simple line graphs 98