From Egypt to Mesopotamia: A Study of Predynastic Trade Routes (Studies in Nautical Archaeology)

225 Pages·1997·2.92 MB·English

by  Samuel Mark

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title: From Egypt to Mesopotamia : A Study of Predynastic
Trade Routes Studies in Nautical Archaeology ; No. 4
author: Mark, Samuel.
publisher: Texas A&M University Press
isbn10 | asin: 0890967776
print isbn13: 9780890967775
ebook isbn13: 9780585174358
language: English
subject Egypt--Antiquities, Middle East--Antiquities, Underwater
archaeology--Middle East, Egypt--Commerce--Iraq, Iraq--
Commerce--Egypt.
publication date: 1998
lcc: DT60.M36 1998eb
ddc: 382/.0939/4
subject: Egypt--Antiquities, Middle East--Antiquities, Underwater
archaeology--Middle East, Egypt--Commerce--Iraq, Iraq--
Commerce--Egypt.
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Page i
From Egypt to Mesopotamia
NUMBER FOUR:
Studies in Nautical Archaeology
George F. Bass, General Editor
Series Editorial Board
Kevin F. Crisman
Donny L. Hamilton
Frederick M. Hocker
F. Richard Steffy
Frederick H. van Doorninck, Fr.
Shelley Wachsmann
A complete listing of books
in print in this series appears on the last page.

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Page iii
From Egypt to Mesopotamia
A Study of Predynastic Trade Routes
Samuel Mark
Texas A&M University Press
College Station
CHATHAM PUBLISHING
LONDON

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Page iv
Copyright © 1997 by Samuel Mark
Manufactured in the United States of America
All rights reserved
First edition
Published in Great Britain in 1998 by
Chatham Publishing
1 & 2 Faulkner's Alley
Cowcross Street
London ECIM 6DD
Chatham Publishing is an imprint of
Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd
The paper used in this book meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence
of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48-1984. Binding materials have been chosen for durability.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mark, Samuel.
From Egypt to Mesopotamia: a study of predynastic trade routes/Samuel
Mark.1st ed.
p. cm.(Studies in nautical archaeology; no. 4)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-89096-777-6 (alk. paper)
1. EgyptAntiquities. 2. Middle EastAntiquities. 3. Underwater
archaeologyMiddle East. 4. EgyptCommerceIraq. 5. Iraq
CommerceEgypt. I. Title. II. Series.
DT60.M36 1997
382'.0939'4dc21 97-21879
CIP
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Chatham ISBN 1-86176-066-3

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Page v
To my parents
and all my siblings
without whose
love and support
this work could not
have been completed.

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Page vii
Contents
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Chapter 1. Introduction 3
Chapter 2. History and Trade of Early Mesopotamia 6
Chapter 3. History and Trade of Predynastic Egypt 12
Chapter 4. The Pottery 22
Chapter 5. Raw Materials 31
Chapter 6. Monkeys and Maceheads 45
Chapter 7. Cylinder Seals 48

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Page viii
Chapter 8. Architecture 56
Chapter 9. Boat Motifs 69
Chapter 10. The Narmer Palette 88
Chapter 11. Trade Routes 122
Notes 131
Bibliography 147
Index 171

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Page ix
Figures
1. Possible Trade Routes 4
2. Ubaid Sites 8
3. Uruk Sites 10
4. Egypt, ca. 5000-4000 B.C. 13
5. Egypt, ca. 4000-3750 B.C. 15
6. Egypt, ca. 3750-3200 B.C. 17
7. Egyptian and Palestinian Sites 18
8. Egypt, ca. 3200-3100 B.C. 20
9. Distribution of Pottery 23
10. Loop-Handled Jugs 24
11. Loop-Handled Cups 25
12. Tubular-Spouted Vessels 26
13. Triangular-Lugged Vessels 27
14. Mesopotamian Imports? 28
15. Triangular-Lugged Vessels from Mesopotamia 29
16. Sources of Obsidian 32
17. Distribution of Raw Materials 38
18. Lapis Lazuli Figurine 40
19. Egyptian and Susan Serpent Motifs 41
20. Distribution of Figurines 46
21. Egyptian Seals 49
22. Mesopotamian Seals 50
23. Susan Seals 51
24. Palestinian Seals 52

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Page x
25. Hemispheroid Stamp Seals 53
26. Seals Bearing Horned Animals 54
27. Distribution of Hemispheroid Seals 55
28. Mesopotamian Temple from Uruk 57
29. Neith-hotep's Tomb, ca. 3100 B.C. 58
30. First Dynasty Tomb at Saqqara, ca. 3050 B.C. 60
31. Neith-hotep's Tomb with the Core Removed 61
32. Depiction of an Egyptian Fortress 64
33. Distribution of Architectural Features 67
34. Gebel el Arak Handle, Reverse Side 70
35. Mesopotamian River Boat 71
36. Bénédite's Interpretation of a High-Ended Boat 71
37. Metropolitan Museum Knife Handle 72
38. Mesopotamian Boat with Two Stabilizing Poles 73
39. Bull's Skull? 75
40. Master of Animals Motifs 77
41. Hierakonpolis Mural 78
42. Sickle-Shaped and High-Prowed Boats from the Hierakonpolis Mural 80
43. Naqada I Representation of a Boat 81
44. Winkler's Foreign Boat 82
45. Square Boat 84
46. Incurved-Square Boat 85
47. Incurved-Sickle Boat 86
48. Sickle Boat 87
49. Narmer Palette, Obverse 89
50. Narmer Palette, Reverse 90
51. First Dynasty Seal 92
52. Kite 94
53. Mesopotamian Seal with Serpent-Necked Felines 97
54. Smiting Scene from the Hierakonpolis Mural 105