From Cells to Organs: A Histology Textbook and Atlas

333 Pages·2003·76.05 MB·English

by  Alfons T. L. Van Lommel Ph.D. (auth.)

FROM CELLS TO ORGANS.
A Histology Textbook and Atlas.
Alfons Van ............' " ... ,.",,,,,
Leuven Catholic University,
Medical Faculty,
Department of Morphology and Medical Imaging,
Section of Morphology and Molecular Pathology,
Minderbroedersstraat 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
Alfons. [email protected]
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
Lommel, Alfons T. L. van
From cells to organs : a histology textbook and atlas / Alfons T.L. van Lommel.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-5035-4 ISBN 978-1-4615-0353-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-0353-8
1. Hîstology. 2. Histology--Atlases. I. Tîtle.
QM551 .L742002
611' .018--dc21
2002034121
Copyright © 2003 bySpringer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
OriginaIly published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition
AII rights reserved. No part ofthis work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
Of transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
microfilm ing, recording, Of otherwise, without the written permission from the Publisher,
with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose ofbeing entered and
executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser ofthe work.
Permission for books published in Europe: ~~~~@:~~~
Permissions for books published in the United States of America: ~:!!!!~~~~~2!!!
Printed an acid-free paper.
I dedicate this book to t hem emory of myf ather: KAREL V AN LOMMEL (1928-2000)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
It was not difficult to start writing this book. It was another matter altogether to bring it to completion. Years
ago, in the long bygone days when I was a college student, I used a textbook of animal physiology, written by
Knut Schmidt-Nielsen. I still vividly remember my surprise when my eye fell on the first sentence of the
introduction (in those days, I actually read textbook introductions). I can still cite the exact sentence from
memory: "This book was written in anger and frustration,", I did not understand this at the time. It all looked so
very easy! Now I know better, much better. Writing a book is like getting married or having children. You don't
know what you have begun, but don't worry: you'll know soon enough. Dickens and Toistoi were heard to
complain, when they were writing what later was to become one of their immortal masterpieces, that they wished
they had never begun it. I wouldn't dream of comparing myself with these Olympian gods, but I have felt
something very similar. This doesn't mean that I regret having written this book, far from it. It made me think
about histology, it taught me histology, and I feel that I know far more about histology now than when I got
started.
Writing this book, and preparing its numerous illustrations, took many lonely hours. more, in fact, than I care to
recall. But I did not do it entirely by myself. Many people, one way or another, have assisted me. I take this
opportunity to express my gratitude to them.
First of all, I have to thank my editors at Kluwer: Mimi Breed, Joanne Tracy, and Arno Flier, who helped me in
the complex task of bringing this work before an international public. Their interest and constant encouragement,
from the very start, have been an immense stimulus.
You can't write a book like this without illustrations. Histology is a very "visual" science, and pictures say so
much more than words. For illustrations you need appropriately processed tissue sections that can be
photographed. Making a good job of this calls for the kind of professionalism and dexterity which take years to
acquire, and doing this yourself may theoretically be possible. but in practice it is out of the question. Thai is why
I am immensely indebted to my laboratory technicians: Rolande Renwart, Chris Armee, and Martine Verhoeven.
I taxed their time, their patience, and their professional skills to the limit, bUI they did a splendid job, and the
quality of the illustrations is entirely their merit, not mine.
Although I can dimly remember the days when it was different, nowadays almost everything that matters is done
with computers. So is writing and preparing illustrations, which involves working with specific computer
programs: Word, Powerpoint, Imaging. and Photo Editor, to name only the most important. This project was an
opportunity to familiarize myself with their subtlest applications. Needless to say, I got hopelessly stuck from
time to time. It was my good fortune always to run into someone who had just the right item of knowledge to get
me going again. To name but a few: Prof. Jos Mebis, Dr. Filip Rega, Dr. Pieter Leyssen, Mireille Goedhuys,
Vanessa Van De Plas, Marcella Bervoets, and Mariette Van Aerschot. For photographic assistance. I thank Andre
Vandormael and Michel Rooseleer.
Another of my handicaps is that English is not my mother tongue (which is Dutch. by the way). My book
proposal was professionally translated into English by Agius Translating Agency. London. The sample chapters
were proofread by Prof. Ed Conway, department of Molecular and Vascular Biology. and Prof. Neil Taylor,
department of Human Genetics, both of the KULeuven medical faculty. I found their positive appreciation of the
text and its contents most encouraging.
I shall never know who the reviewers are who were approached by Kluwer to evaluate my proposal. Apparently,
they reviewed it positively, otherwise I would not now be writing these words. r thank them, whoever they may
be, for their constructive evaluation.
r owe a special word of thanks to my colleague Prof. Erik Verbeken. His moral and, on occasion, material
support have vitally contributed to the completion of this book, and for this. I continue to be appreciative.
Last but not least I have to thank my parents and my family. Indirectly. they made it possible for me to devote my
time to this book, and to acquire the talents necessary for it. My parents gave me every opportunity to study and
to pursue an education. I now understand that I would not be what I am and where I am today if they had not kept
believing in me, no matter how difficult this may have been sometimes. r also see now that there have been times
when I was so occupied with this book that I tended to forget that I still am husband and father. When r ran into
problems, I often took them home with me. The rest of the family had no alternative bUI to endure this and hope
for better times. So let me very warmly thank my wife Christl, my son Joris, and my daughter Katrien, for
bearing wilh me all the time r was working on this book. and for still being with me now thai it is completed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1
I. METHODS OF STUDY ............................................................................................................ 2
1.1. Microscopes ............................................................................................................................. 2
1.2. Histologic sections .................................................................................................................. 5
1.3. Histochemistry ......................................................................................................................... 8
II. CELLS ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Ill. Primary organelles ............................................................................................................... II
111.1. Cell membrane ............................................................... ,. ................................................. 11
II.I.2. Celi nucleus ....................................................................................................................... 15
IlI.3. Ribosomes ......................................................................................................................... 18
11.1.4. Mitochondria ......................................................................... ,. .. ,. ...................................... 18
11.1.5. Peroxisomes ...................................................................................................................... 20
References .................................................................................................................. ,. ................ 20
11.2. Secondary organelles and differentiated cells ...................................................................... 22
11.2.1. Membrane*bearing cells ............................................................... ,. ....... ,. ...... ,. .................. 23
Il2.1.1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum ........................................................................................ 23
Il2.1.1.1. Enzyme*secreting gland cells ...................................................................................... 24
11.2.1.1.2. Peptide hormone-secreting galnd cells ........................................................................ 25
112.1.1.3. Matrix-secreting cells .................................................................................................. 26
U.2.1.IA. Antibody-secreting cells. ............................................................................................. 28
Il2.1.2. The Golgi-complex and mucus*secreting gland cells .................................................... 28
112.1.3. Secretory vesicles and amine honnone*secreting glandc ells ........................................ 30
11.2.104. Endosomes, Iysosomes, and macrophages, .................................................................... 31
112.1.5. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum ...................................................................................... 35
112.1.5.1. Lipid*secreting glandc ells .......................................................................................... 35
II.2.1.5.2. Steroid*secreting gland cells ....................................................................................... 36
II.2.2. Fiber*bearing cells ............................................................................................................ , 37
11.2.2.1. Microtubules, cilia, and ciliated cells ............................................................................. 38
II.2.2.2. Microfilaments ................................................................................... ,. ........ ,. ................ 42
1I.2.2.2.1. Brush border celis ....................................................................................................... 43
1I.2.2.2.2. Muscle fibers ................................................................................................ ,. ...... ,. ..... 44
11.2.2.2.2.1. Smooth muscle fibers .......................................................... ,. ................................. ,.44
11.2.2.2.2.2. Striated muscle fibers ............................................................................................... 45
11.2.2.3. Intermediary filaments, lining cells, and supporting cells. ............................................. 50
11.2.3. Composite cells: nerve cells .............................................................................................. 52
References .................................................................................................................................... 54
11.3. The cell cycle ....................................................................................................................... 56
11.3.1. Cell multiplication ............................................................................................................. 56
II.3.2. Cell differentiation .......................... ,. .. ,. ......... ,. ................. ,. .............. .,. ...... ,. ... , ... ,. .. ,. .. .,. ... 57
11.3.3. Celi death .......................................................................................................................... 57
References .................................................................................................................................... 58
III. TISSUES ................................................................................................................................ 59
III.l. Myeloid and lymphoid tissues, and blood .......................................................................... 60
IlI.I.I. Erythrocytes and their precursors .................................................................................... 61
Ill. 1.2. Thrombocytes and their precursors .................................................................................. 62
111.1.3. Granulocytes and their precursors ................................................................................... 64
m.IJ.I. Neutrophils ................................................................................................................... 65
Ill. IJ.2. Eosinophils ................................................................................................................... 66
lll.1.3J. Basophils ....................................................................................................................... 66
lll.1.4. Monocytes ........................................................................................................................ 66
1ll.1.5. Lymphocytes .................................................................................................................... 67
References .................................................................................................................................... 69
IU.2. Interstitial, connective,and supportive tissues .................................................................... 70
1l1.2.1. Cell types ......................................................................................................................... 70
111.2.1.1. Matrix·secrel.ing cells ................................................................................................... 70
1l1.2.1.2. Lipocytes ....................................................................................................................... 71
III.2.1.2.1. White or unilocular lipocytes ..................................................................................... 72
III.2.1.2.2. Brown or multilocular Iipocytes ................................................................................ 73
lll.2.1.3. Defender cells ............................................................................................................... 73
lIL2.1.3.1. Histiocytes ................................................................................................................. 74
111.2.1.3.2. Mast cells ................................................................................................................... 74
II12.2. Ground substance ............................................................................................................. 75
TIl.2J. Fibrils ............................................................................................................................... 75
111.2.3.1. Collagen and reticulin fibrils ........................................................................................ 76
[[1.2.3.2. Elastic fibrils ................................................................................................................. 78
lll.2.4. Tissue types ..................................................................................................................... 78
1l1.2.4.1. Interstitial tissues .......................................................................................................... 79
III.2.4.2. Dense fibrous tissues .................................................................................................... 79
111.2.4.3. Elastic tissue ................................................................................................................. 80
1ll.2.4.4. Canilage ........................................................................................................................ 80
lll.2.4.5. Bone .............................................................................................................................. 82
References. ................................................................................................................................... 84
Ill.3. Muscle tissue ...................................................................................................................... 86
111.3.1. Visceral muscle tissue ...................................................................................................... 86
111.3.2. Skeletal muscle tissue ...................................................................................................... 87
III.3.3. Cardiac muscle tissue ................................................................................................ ..... 88
References .............................................................................................................................. ..... 90
III.4. Lining tissues: epi·, meso·, and endothelium ..................................................................... 91
III.4.1. Epithelium ........................................................................................................................ 91
1114.1.1. lunctions ....................................................................................................................... 91
III.4.1.2. Basement membrane ..................................................................................................... 93
III.4.1.3. Epithelium types ........................................................................................................... 94
111.4.1.3.1. Simple epithelium ...................................................................................................... 94
III.4.1.3.2. Pseudostratified epithelium ........................................................................................ 96
111.4.1.3.3. Transitory epithelium ................................................................................................. 96
111.4.1.3.4. Stratified epithelium .................................................................................................. 97
IJI.4.2. Meso· and endothelium including pericytes .................................................................. 100
References. ................................................................................................................................. 104
fl1.5. Glandular tissue ................................................................................................................ 105
m.5.1. Exocrine glands including myoepithelial cells .............................................................. 106
IlI.5.2. Endocrine galnds ........................................................................................................... 106
References............ .... ..... .... ..... ....................... .... .... ........... ............... .... .... ...... ... .... ....... .. . 108
111.6. Nerve tissue ......................... ........................................................................................... 109
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III.6.1. Conductive nerve tissue ................................................................................................. 110
1II.6.1.1. Schwann cells ............................................................................................................. 110
III.6.1.2. Oligodendrocytes and fibrillar astrocytes ................................................................... 115
111.6.2. Integrative nerve tissue .................................................................................................. 115
Il1.6.2.1. Synapses ..................................................................................................................... 117
UI.6.2.2. Cytoplasmic astrocytes ............................................................................................... 121
References. .............................................................. ,. ................................................................. 121
lV.ORGANS .............................................................................................................................. 123
IV .1. Lymphoid organs and bone marrow ................................................................................. 125
IV.I.I. Bone marrow ................................................................................................................. 125
lV .1.2. Thymus .......................................................................................................................... 126
lV.I.3. Lymph nodes ................................................................................................................. 130
lV.I.4. Spleen ............................................................................................................................ 132
References .................................................................................................................................. 133
lV .2. Skeleton ............................................................................................................................ 135
IV.2.1. Mesenchymal bones ...................................................................................................... 135
lV .2.2. Enchondral bones .......................................................................................................... 135
lV.2.2.1. Long bones ................................................................................................................. 136
lV.2.2.2. Venebrae .................................................................................................................... 140
IV.2.3. Intervertebral disks ........................................................................................................ 141
IV.2.4. loints .............................................................................................................................. 142
References .................................................................................................................................. 142
IV.3. Muscular system ............................................................................................................... 143
lV.3.I. Muscles .......................................................................................................................... 143
lV.3.2. Tendons ......................................................................................................................... 143
IV .3.3. Motor end plates ............................................................................................................ 144
IV.3.4. Muscle spindles ............................................................................................................. 145
References .................................................................................................................................. 146
IV.4. Nervous system ................................................................................................................ 147
IV .4. I.C onductive nerve tissue ................................................................................................. 148
IV.4.1.1. Nerves ......................................................................................................................... 148
lV.4.1.2. Sensory ganglia .......................................................................................................... 149
IV.4.1.3. White matter ............................................................................................................... 151
IV.4.2. Integrative nerve tissue .................................................................................................. 151
IV .4.2.1. Motor ganglia ............................................................................................................. 151
IVA.2.2. Gray matter of the spinal cord .................................................................................... 153
IV.4.2.3. Brain nuclei ................................................................................................................ 153
IV .4.2.4. Cerebellar cortex ........................................................................................................ 155
IV.4.2.5. Cerebral cortex ....................................................................................................... ... 156
IVA.3. Pineal gland and neurohypophysis ................................................................................ 160
IV 0404. Ependyma and choroid plexi ......................................................................................... 162
IV.4.5. Meninges ....................................................................................................................... 163
IV.4.6. Blood brain barrier ........................................................................................................ 163
IV.4.7. MicrogJia ....................................................................................................................... 163
References .................................................................................................................................. 164
IV.5. Vascular system. ............................................................................................................... 165
lV.5.1. Hean .............................................................................................................................. 165
IV.5.2. Arteries ........................................................... ,. ................................................... ......... 167
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IV.5.3. Veins .............................................................................................................................. 169
IV.5.4. Lymph vessels ............................................................................................................... 169
IV.5.5. Arterial chemoreceplors and baroreceptors ................................................................... 169
References .................................................................................................................................. 171
IV.6. Extra·embryonic organs ................................................................................................... 172
IV.6.1. Amnion .......................................................................................................................... 172
IV .6.2. Chorion and placenta ..................................................................................................... 173
IV.6.3. Umbilical cord .............................................................................. .............................. . 174
References .................................................................................................................................. 174
IV.7. Endocrine system .............................................................................................................. 175
IV.7.l. Anterior pituitary gland ................................................................................................. 175
IV.7.2. Thyroid gland ................................................................................................................ 177
IV.7.3. Parathyroid glands ......................................................................................................... 179
IV.7.4. Adrenal glands ............................................................................................................... 181
References .................................................................................................................................. 183
IV .8. Excretory system ............................................................................................................. 184
IV .8.1. Kidneys .......................................................................................................................... 185
IV.8.1.1. Nephrons ..................................................................................................................... 187
IV.8.1.1.!. Renal corpuscles ...................................................................................................... 187
IV .8.1.1.2. Proximal convoluted tubules ................................................................................... 188
IV.8.1.1.3. Henle's loops.................................................................................................. .. . 189
rv.8.1.1.4. Distal convoluted tubules ........................................................................................ 190
rv.8.1.2. Collecting ducts ......................................... ,.. ................................................. ,. ... ,. ...... 191
rv.8.1J. Juxtaglomerular apparatus ..................... ,. ...................................................... ,. ........... 191
IV.8.2. Urethers, urinary bladder, and urethra .................................................................. .,. ...... 192
References .................................................................................................................................. 194
IV.9. Skin ................................................................................................................................... 195
IV.9.1. Epidermis ....................................................................................................................... 195
IV.9.1.1. Melanocytes ............................................................... ,. ............................................... 195
IV.9.1.2. Merkel's cells ............................................................................................................. 197
IV.9.1.3. Langerhans's cells ...................................................................................................... 198
IV.9.1.4. Glands ............................................................ ,. ........................................................... 198
IV.9.1.4.1. Sweat glands ............................................................................................................ 198
IV.9.1.4.2. Mammary glands ..................................................................................................... 200
IV.9.1.4.3. Sebum glands ........................................................................... ................. ............. 20 I
rv .9.1.5. Hairs .......................................................................... . ....................................... 202
IV.9.1.6. Nails ............................................................................................................................ 205
IV .9.2. Dermis and hypodermis, including mechanoreceptors .................................................. 205
IV .9.2.1. Ruffini's corpuscles .................................................................................................... 206
IV .9.2.2. Meissner's corpuscles................................................................................. .. ........ 206
IV .9.2.3. Vater-Pacinian corpuscles ......................................................................... . .......... 207
References .................................................................................................................................. 207
IV.IO. Male reproductive system ............................................................................................... 210
IV.IO.I. Testes ........................................................................................................................... 210
IV.IO.I.I. Seminiferous tubules .................................................................... ... ............... 210
IV.lO.I.I.I. Meiosis .................................................................................................. .............. 210
IV .10.1.1.2. Spermatogenetic cells ................................................................ . .................. 212
IV .10.1.1.3. Sertoli's cells ............................................................................ .. ................. 216
IV.10.I.2. Interstitium ............................................................................................................... 217
IV .10.1.3. Intratesticular ducts .............................................................................. .................... 217
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IV .10.2. Extratesticular ducts ...................................................................................... . ... 217
IV. 10.3. Accessory glands........................................................................................... . ... 219
IV.IOJ.I. Seminal vesicles ...................................................................................... . ..2 19
IV.IOJ.2. Prostate gland ........................................................................................................... 220
IV.IO.4. Penis ....................................................................................... ............. .............. ....... 221
References ................................................................................................................................. 221
IV .11. Female reproducti ve system ................................................................. ......................... 223
IV.II.I. Ovaries ......................................................................................................................... 223
IV.II.I.I. Meiosis, o6genesis, and fertilization ........................................................................ 223
IV .11.1.2. Follicles .................................................................................................................... 226
IV.II.I.3. Corpus luteum .......................................................................................................... 229
IV .11.2. Oviduct ........................................................................................................................ 229
IV.II.3. Uterus .......................................................................................................................... 230
IV.I IJ.I. Preovulatory endometrium ....................................................................................... 231
IV .11.3.2. Postovulatory endometrium ...................................................................................... 231
IV.IIJJ. Cervix ....................................................................................................................... 232
IV.I I.4. Vagina .......................................................................................................................... 234
IV.I I.5. Vulva ........................................................................................................................... 234
References .................................................................................................................................. 234
IV.12. Eyes ................................................................................................................................ 236
IV.12.1. Cornea .......................................................................................................................... 238
IV.12.2.lris ................................................................................................................................ 242
IV.12.3. Ciliary body ................................................................................................................. 242
IV.I2A. Retina ........................................................................................................................... 244
IV .12.5. Photoreceptor cells ...................................................................................................... 247
IV. 12.6. Lens ............................................................................................................................. 250
References .................................................................................................................................. 251
IV .13. Organs of hearing and balance ....................................................................................... 252
IV.13.1. External ear .................................................................................................................. 253
IV.13.2. Middle ear .................................................................................................................... 253
IV.I3J. Inner ear ....................................................................................................................... 254
IV.I3.3.t. Vestibular labyrinth .................................................................................................. 254
IV. 13.3.2. Cochlea ..................................................................................................................... 254
IV.I3.3.3. Sensory epithelia ...................................................................................................... 256
IV.13.3.3.l. Vestibular maculae ................................................................................................ 257
IV .13.3.3.2. Ampullar cristae .................................................................................................... 260
IV.13.3.3.3. Corti's organ .......................................................................................................... 260
References. .... .... .... ........ ........ .... .... ........ ........ .... ....... ........ ... ....... .... .... ... . .................. 261
IV.14. Respiratory system .................................................................... . ................. 263
IV.14.1. Lungs ........................................................................................................................... 264
IV.14.1.1. Alveolar parenchyma ................................................................................................ 266
IV.I4.1.2. Airways ..................................................................................................................... 268
IV. 14.2. Trachea and stem bronchi ............................................................................................ 271
IV.14.3. Larynx. ......................................................................................................................... 271
IV.14.4. Nasal cavity ..................................... .................................... ... .............................. 272
References .................................................................................................................................. 273
IV .15. Digestive system .................................................................................... ........................ 275
IV.15.1. Oral cavity .......................................................................... ..................................... .. 275
IV.15.1.1. Teeth ......................................................................................................................... 275
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