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K10421_FM.indd 1 4/9/10 4:51:23 PM A Conceptual Physics Approach to Scientific Awareness Sadri Hassani Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business K10421_FM.indd 2 4/9/10 4:51:26 PM A Conceptual Physics Approach to Scientific Awareness Sadri Hassani Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business K10421_FM.indd 3 4/9/10 4:51:26 PM CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-0850-4 (Ebook-PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface xxi Note to the Reader xxvii Note to the Instructor xxix I In the Beginning ... 1 1 Science Kindles 3 1.1 The Beginning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Early Greek Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3 The Age of Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3.1 Aristarchus’ Measurements: Heliocentrism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.3.2 Eratosthenes and Size of Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.4 The Geocentric Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.5 Wonder of Ancient Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.6 End-of-Chapter Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.6.1 Answers to “What do you know?” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.6.2 Chapter Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.6.3 Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.6.4 Conceptual Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.6.5 Numerical Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2 A Dark Interlude 21 2.1 Roman Civilization: ca 250 BC–ca 400 AD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2 Entertainment in the Roman Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.3 Religion in the Roman Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.3.1 Rome, a Thriving Marketplace for the Supernatural . . . . . . . . . 23 2.3.2 Emergence of Christianity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.3.3 Philosophization of Christianity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.4 Education in the Roman Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.4.1 The Greek Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.4.2 The Roman Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.4.3 The Vanished Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.5 The Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.6 A Lesson from the Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.7 End-of-Chapter Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 viii CONTENTS 2.7.1 Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3 Science Rekindles 37 3.1 Renaissance and the Copernican Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.2 New Observations: 15 Centuries after Ptolemy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.3 The Fall of the Spherical Dynasty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.4 End-of-Chapter Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.4.1 Answers to “What do you know?” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 3.4.2 Chapter Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.4.3 Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.4.4 Conceptual Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.4.5 Numerical Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4 From Heaven to Earth 47 4.1 The Ancient Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.1.1 The Aristotelian Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.1.2 The Archimedean Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.2 Galileo’s Study of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.3 Rectilinear Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.3.1 Uniform Rectilinear Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.3.2 General Rectilinear Motion: Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.3.3 General Rectilinear Motion: Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.3.4 Uniformly Accelerated Motion (UAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.4 End-of-Chapter Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.4.1 Answers to “What do you know?” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.4.2 Chapter Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.4.3 Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.4.4 Conceptual Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.4.5 Numerical Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5 Epilogue: Underdetermination? 63 5.1 Lessons from Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5.2 Birth of Scientific Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.2.1 Experimentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 5.2.2 Specificity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 5.2.3 Quantification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.2.4 Extrapolation and Idealization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.3 Underdetermination? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5.4 The Role of Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 II Newtonian Era 71 6 Kinematics: Describing Motion 73 6.1 Position, Displacement, and Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 6.2 Parallax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 6.3 Velocity and Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 6.3.1 Some Common Kinds of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 6.4 Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 6.5 End-of-Chapter Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 6.5.1 Answers to “What do you know?” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 6.5.2 Chapter Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 6.5.3 Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 CONTENTS ix 6.5.4 Conceptual Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 6.5.5 Numerical Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 7 Dynamics: Cause of Motion 87 7.1 The First Law of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 7.1.1 Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 7.1.2 Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 7.2 The Second Law of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 7.3 The Third Law of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 7.4 End-of-Chapter Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 7.4.1 Answers to “What do you know?” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 7.4.2 Chapter Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 7.4.3 Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 7.4.4 Conceptual Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 7.4.5 Numerical Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 8 Further Topics on Motion 107 8.1 Work and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 8.1.1 Conservation of Mechanical Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 8.1.2 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 8.1.3 The Physics of Santa Claus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 8.2 Rigid Body Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 8.2.1 Center of Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 8.2.2 Angular Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 8.3 Mechanics of Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 8.3.1 Hydrostatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 8.3.2 Hydrodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 8.4 End-of-Chapter Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 8.4.1 Answers to “What do you know?” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 8.4.2 Chapter Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 8.4.3 Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 8.4.4 Conceptual Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 8.4.5 Numerical Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 9 Gravitation 131 9.1 The Universal Law of Gravitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 9.1.1 Satellite Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 9.1.2 Kepler’s Third Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 9.1.3 Dark Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 9.2 Gravitational Field and Potential Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 9.2.1 Gravitational Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 9.2.2 Gravitational Potential Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 9.2.3 Escape Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 9.2.4 Black Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 9.3 Weightlessness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 9.4 End-of-Chapter Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 9.4.1 Answers to “What do you know?” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 9.4.2 Chapter Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 9.4.3 Review Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 9.4.4 Conceptual Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 9.4.5 Numerical Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

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